{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:39:01Z","timestamp":1790120341967,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To compare the effect of intervertebral disc (IVD) fenestration on L3\/4 range of motion (ROM) under ex vivo and in vivo conditions in a rabbit model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Randomized experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals<\/jats:title>\n \n New Zealand White rabbits (ex vivo:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200918; in vivo:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200912).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n L3\/4 motion segments were tested in lateral bending (LB), flexion\u2010extension (FE), and axial rotation (AR) across five groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20096 per group): control (C), ex vivo fenestration (EVF), in vivo fenestration with a 6 (IVF6) and 12\u2009week (IVF12) timepoint, and intact\/annulotomy\/fenestration on the same specimen (IAF). Data are reported as ROM and neutral zone (NZ) and were compared between groups using ANOVA and\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In IAF, fenestration increased ROM in LB, FE, and AR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.030) and NZ in FE (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.010) compared to intact. EVF had greater ROM and NZ than C in all planes (LB, FE:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.0010; AR:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.030). IVF6 and IVF12 showed reduced ROM and NZ in LB and FE compared to C (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.020\u2013.0010) and EVF (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.0010), with no difference in AR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.35). IVF6 and IVF12 did not differ significantly in any plane. Right lateral bending was significantly greater than left in EVF (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.020), but not in IVF6 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.15) or IVF12 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.31).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Fenestration increased spinal motion ex vivo, while in vivo specimens showed reduced ROM over time, consistent with a stabilizing biological response.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n These findings provide a foundation for investigating the biological and biomechanical effects of IVD fenestration in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T11:19:40Z","timestamp":1755775180000},"page":"1635-1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical implications of lumbar intervertebral disc fenestration in rabbits: Comparison of ex vivo and in vivo conditions as an experimental model for chrondrodystrophic dogs with type 1 intervertebral disc disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Veterinary Specialists, Department of Small Animal Surgery Warana Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rema A.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales 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