{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T02:08:24Z","timestamp":1768615704340,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the analgesic properties and adverse effects of liposomal bupivacaine administered via caudal epidural in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacodynamic study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 10 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liposomal bupivacaine (10\u2009mL; 1.3%) was administered into the caudal epidural space via an indwelling epidural catheter inserted to a length of 15\u2009cm. Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing with pressure algometry was used to measure analgesia at four anatomic locations for 72\u2009h following injection. Physical examinations (including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and ataxia scores) were performed every 4\u2009h to monitor for adverse effects, and fecal and urine output were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were no significant differences detected at any time point in rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, or MNT at any anatomic site compared to baseline. Ataxia scores were significantly elevated from 24 to 36\u2009h following epidural injection. Adverse events included recumbency in two horses, urinary retention necessitating urinary catheter placement in three horses and decreased fecal output requiring manual manure removal from the rectum in six horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liposomal bupivacaine administered as a caudal epidural in horses resulted in ataxia and clinically relevant adverse effects but no detectable analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on these findings, caudal epidural administration of liposomal bupivacaine in horses at the dose evaluated in this study is not recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  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