{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:15:01Z","timestamp":1778130901044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009961","name":"American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the safety and feasibility of near\u2010infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging with inhaled indocyanine green (ICG) to visualize normal pulmonary parenchyma in dogs, report clinically useful information regarding dosage and timing of administration, and to evaluate effects on pulmonary function and tissue histology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical exploratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six purpose\u2010bred dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs undergoing thoracoscopy were randomly assigned to receive inhaled ICG at 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0\u2009mg\/kg. Subjective fluorescence was recorded, images were saved to analyze quantitative fluorescence, and a lung biopsy was obtained. Clinical assessment of respiratory function was performed for 14\u2009days. Peripheral lung biopsies were repeated 6\u2009months later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhalation of ICG resulted in real\u2010time NIRF of pulmonary parenchyma in all dogs. Administration time ranged from 1 to 10\u2009min and mean time to first fluorescence was 1.5\u2009min. Peak subjective fluorescence was strong in dogs receiving 0.5 and 1.0\u2009mg\/kg, and moderate in dogs receiving 0.1\u2009mg\/kg. Peak quantitative fluorescence was positively correlated with dose, with a three\u2010fold and 10\u2010fold increase above baseline 20\u2009min after administration of 0.5 and 1.0\u2009mg\/kg doses, respectively. No histologic abnormalities or clinical evidence of respiratory compromise following inhalation of ICG were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhaled ICG provided rapid intraoperative fluorescence of normal pulmonary parenchyma, was clinically feasible, and was safe in normal dogs at 0.1\u20131.0\u2009mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhaled ICG produced rapid pulmonary fluorescence without detectable adverse effects, supporting further investigation of its effectiveness to identify pulmonary lesions in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  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