{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:54:37Z","timestamp":1791366877048,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009961","name":"American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018634","name":"Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite known occupational radiation risks, data on exposure during digital radiography (DR) or fluoroscopy\u2010guided equine fracture repair are lacking. This study quantified radiation doses to a model surgeon's hand, lenses, thyroid, and gonads, and assessed protective effects of radiation\u2010reducing surgical gloves and attenuating ointment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparative, controlled, simulation\u2010based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animal\/sample population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthropomorphic model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distal limb fracture fixation was simulated using a model with dosimeters at the region of the lenses, thyroid, gonads, drill\u2010holding hand, and under a lead apron (fetal dose). Radiation was measured over 10 DR or 10 single\u2010image fluoroscopy exposures, then repeated using radiation\u2010reducing surgical gloves or ointment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All radiation doses were below occupational limits. Dosimeters placed at the level of the gonads (outside the gown) received the highest mean dose (DR: 6.87\u2009\u00b1\u20090.40\u2009\u03bcSv; fluoroscopy: 0.98\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28\u2009\u03bcSv), followed by thyroid (outside the gown) (DR: 2.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52\u2009\u03bcSv; fluoroscopy: 0.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009\u03bcSv), hand (DR: 2.02\u2009\u00b1 0.54\u2009\u03bcSv; fluoroscopy: 0.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009\u03bcSv) and lenses (DR: 1.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28\u2009\u03bcSv; fluoroscopy: 0.23\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u2009\u03bcSv). The lowest exposure was measured underneath the gown (fetal dose) (DR: 0.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009\u03bcSv; fluoroscopy: 0.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009\u03bcSv). DR exposure exceeded fluoroscopy at all sites (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Radiation\u2010reducing surgical gloves significantly lowered hand dose (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), whereas ointment had no effect (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.54). Off\u2010beam hand exposure from 10 images was approximately one\u2010millionth of the annual dose limit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Image\u2010guided equine distal limb fracture fixation results in minimal hand radiation exposure, relative to other regions of the body, with DR producing higher doses than single\u2010image fluoroscopy. Radiation\u2010reducing surgical gloves significantly lower hand exposure during DR procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiation\u2010reducing surgical gloves offer additional protection and are recommended during image\u2010guided surgery. Whenever feasible, pulsed fluoroscopy should be preferred over DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:32:13Z","timestamp":1782462733000},"page":"1212-1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation exposure to equine surgeons during simulated digital radiography and fluoroscopy\u2010guided fracture fixation of the distal limb"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5457-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia L.","family":"Gaida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"},{"name":"Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne M.","family":"Stieger\u2010Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Lischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja F.","family":"Duesterdieck\u2010Zellmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-5540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Lacy","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.15265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2015.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"CommisionUSNR.Standards for Protection against RadiationCode of Federal Regulations1991;Title 10(Part 20 Subpart C \u2010 Occupational Dose Limits)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Published on behalf of the International Commission on Radiological Protection","author":"Valentin J","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-016-0115-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-005-0807-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00839"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Risk of cataract in health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Della Vecchia E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 333, Division 120, Rule 333\u2013120\u20100100","author":"Services OSRP","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"The Use and Care of Personal Protective Equipment for X\u2010ray Exposure","author":"Interagency Working Group on Medical Radiation, U.S","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719865937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Ermittlung der Strahlenexposition des veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Personals bei routinem\u00e4\u00dfigen R\u00f6ntgenuntersuchungen in der Pferdepraxis mit Hilfe elektronischer Personendosimeter","author":"Steinberg MK","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.03.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Radiation exposure during simulated equine head and limb fan beam standing computed tomography appears safe for personnel using lead shielding","volume":"1","author":"Veitch KE","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2014.27.2.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"PinheiroJ BatesD R Core Team.nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1\u2010169.2026."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"LenthR.emmeans: Estimated marginal means aka least\u2010squares means. R package version 1.11.2\u20108.2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-17-28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198911000-00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717715139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200501000-00009"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Radiation use in the orthopaedic theatre: a prospective audit","volume":"2","author":"Jones D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00088-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2023.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","volume-title":"Federal Guidance Report No 14, EPA\u2010402\u2010R\u201010003","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency IWGoMR","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.17.00039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.05.0297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2018.31.3.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.830.9135438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.26845"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","first-page":"TC26","article-title":"Interventional angiography: radiation protection for the examiner by using lead\u2010free gloves","volume":"11","author":"Kamusella P","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044868684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01754.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.70126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vsu.70126","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.70126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:29:48Z","timestamp":1791365388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vsu.70126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vsu.70126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.70126","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-3499","1532-950X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-3499","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-950X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}