{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:54:37Z","timestamp":1791366877044,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005242","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009961","name":"American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effects of clinically relevant doses of commonly employed intra\u2010articular corticosteroids\u2014specifically, triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), methylprednisolone acetate (MPA), and combination of betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate (BM)\u2014on equine osteoclasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three donor mares (13\u201319\u2009years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following differentiation from bone marrow aspirates, osteoclasts were cultured alone (pure osteoclast cultures;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918 wells per group) or on equine bone slices (osteoclast\u2013bone cultures;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096 wells per group) and treated with TCA (36\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), MPA (48\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), or BM (4\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Untreated wells were controls. Outcome parameters included number of osteoclasts, bone resorption area and media biomarker concentrations, specifically tartrate\u2010resistant acid phosphatase isoform\u20105b (TRACP\u20105b) and C\u2010terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX\u2010I), measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In pure osteoclast cultures (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16 wells in control and BM groups;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 17 wells in TCA and MPA groups), mature osteoclast numbers were lower following corticosteroid addition compared with controls (MPA,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001; TCA,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .009; BM,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002), and lower in the MPA group than the TCA group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .015). There was no difference in TRACP\u20105b between groups. In osteoclast\u2013bone cultures (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5 in control group;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6 wells in TCA, MPA and BM groups), CTX\u2010I decreased with MPA treatment compared with controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), TCA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006), and BM (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .007) groups. TRACP\u20105b decreased with TCA compared with controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001). No differences in bone resorption area were measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinically relevant doses of commonly employed intra\u2010articular corticosteroids\u2014TCA, MPA, and BM\u2014impacted equine osteoclast activity in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding that intra\u2010articular corticosteroids may influence osteoclast activity, potentially affecting subchondral bone remodeling and repair, is important for guiding judicious use in equine joint management.<\/jats:p>\n                  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