{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:20:26Z","timestamp":1762917626751},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wound Repair Regeneration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic wounds colonized with biofilm present a major burden to our healthcare system. While the current paradigm for wound healing is to maintain a moist environment, we sought to evaluate the effects of desiccation, and the ability of honey to desiccate wounds, on wound healing characteristics in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilm wounds. In vivo biofilm wound healing after exposure to open\u2010air desiccation, honey, molasses, and saline was analyzed using a rabbit ear model of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilm wounds previously developed by our group. Wound morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy and granulation tissue deposition was measured using light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Viable bacterial counts in rabbit ear biofilm wounds and scabs were measured using a drop dilution method. In vitro <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> growth curves were established using tryptic soy broth containing honey and glycerol. Gene expression analysis of rabbit ear wounds was performed using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Rabbit ear <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilm wounds exposed to open\u2010air desiccation, honey, and molasses developed a dry scab, which displaced the majority of biofilm bacteria off of the wound bed. Wounds treated with open\u2010air desiccation, honey, and molasses expressed lower levels of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 at postoperative day 12 compared with wounds treated with saline, and had increased levels of granulation tissue formation. In vitro growth of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> in tryptic soy broth was inhibited by the presence of honey to a greater extent than by the presence of osmolality\u2010matched glycerol. Desiccation of chronic wounds colonized with biofilm via exposure to open air or honey leads to improved wound healing by decreasing bacterial burden and inflammation, and increasing granulation tissue formation. The ability of honey to help heal chronic wounds is at least in part due to its ability to desiccate bacterial biofilm, but other factors clearly contribute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,31]],"date-time":"2015-10-31T09:01:05Z","timestamp":1446282065000},"page":"394-401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The use of desiccation to treat <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> biofilm\u2010infected wounds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago 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