{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:11Z","timestamp":1790745191471,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":102,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wound Repair Regeneration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite several publications on venous ulcers, there is still a lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support certain treatments for patients with this disorder. Well\u2010designed research questions using the PICOT (Population; Intervention; Comparator; Outcome; Time\u2010frame) format in RCTs can improve the quality of research. The objectives of this study were to assess how the PICOT format is used to frame research questions in RCTs published on venous ulcer disease and to determine the factors associated with better adherence to the PICOT format. We conducted a systematic survey of RCTs on venous ulcers published in the PubMed database between January 2009 and May 2016. All RCTs published in English addressing therapeutic interventions for venous ulcer disease in human subjects were included. We examined whether the five elements of the PICOT format were used in formulating the research question and scored them between 0 and 5. The primary outcome of this systematic survey was the percentage of studies that adequately reported all five PICOT elements. Eighty\u2010five (85) RCTs were included with median PICOT score of 3 (IQR\u2009=\u20091.5). Four elements of PICOT were present in 28 reports (32.9%) and only 2 RCTS (2.3%) reported all the PICOT elements. Population and intervention were often appropriately described, in (70\/85) 82.4% and (83\/85) 97.6% of the studies, respectively; however, comparison intervention and outcome were presented in only (53\/85) 62.3% and (48\/85) 56.5% of studies, respectively. Very few RCTs (7.1%; 6\/85) reported the study time frame. No journal or RCT characteristics were found to be significantly associated with better reporting. Use of the PICOT format to frame research questions in RCTs published on venous ulcers is suboptimal, and our study reinforces the importance of framing a good research question to improve the design of trials and quality of evidence in venous ulcer disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]],"date-time":"2017-10-28T09:16:38Z","timestamp":1509182198000},"page":"892-900","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The framing of research questions using the PICOT format in randomized controlled trials of venous ulcer disease is suboptimal: A systematic survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Luciana P.F.","family":"Abbade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy Botucatu Medical School, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamath","family":"Sriganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanesthesia National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Bangalore Karnataka India"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mbuagbaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lehana","family":"Thabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"ZenilmanJ ValleMF MalasMB MaruthurN QaziU Suh\u00a0Y et al. Chronic Venous Ulcers: A Comparative Effectiveness Review of Treatment Modalities. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 127. (Prepared by Johns Hopkins Evidence\u2010based Practice Center under Contract No. 290\u20102007\u201010061\u2010I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13(14)\u2010EHC121. Rockville MD Agency Healthc. Res. Qual. December 2013. Erratum January 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"CD009907","article-title":"Foam dressings for venous leg ulcers","volume":"31","author":"O'Meara S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"CD010182","article-title":"Alginate dressings for venous leg ulcers","volume":"19","author":"O'Meara S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"CD006899","article-title":"Autologous platelet\u2010rich plasma for treating chronic wounds","volume":"25","author":"Martinez\u2010Zapata MJ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"CD008599","article-title":"Debridement for venous leg ulcers","volume":"14","author":"Gethin G","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"CD003557","article-title":"Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers","volume":"10","author":"O'Meara 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