{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:30:33Z","timestamp":1773376233189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wound Repair Regeneration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic wounds are a significant burden on patients and hospitals globally, with all exhibiting high microbial loading and biofilm. Wound cleansing is critical for removing foreign contaminants, damaged tissue and opportunistic pathogens, allowing for improved healing. This study addresses the need for a standardised in\u00a0vitro preclinical model for comparing the efficacy of antimicrobial wound cleansing solutions with mechanical disruption on biofilms. A novel model was developed to emulate cleaning practises whilst standardising pressure applied and scrubbing forces applied to the wound bed. Using wounded porcine explants, microbial biofilms were formed on the surface before exposure to varying physical parameters and cleaning solutions. The results showed that both increased pressure and scrubbing duration had a positive impact on biofilm removal, demonstrating &gt;\u20091 log reduction in microbial levels. The model was able to show the significant difference in cleaning solutions between saline and an antimicrobial\u2010based solution (HClO), &gt;\u20094.5 log reduction, whilst under identical conditions. Confocal laser microscopy, using fluorescent viability stains, provided supporting evidence of biofilm disruption using gauze. The model's adaptability and versatility help to provide clinically relevant in\u00a0vitro evidence and effective comparisons of wound cleansing agents on biofilms through the standardisation of different cleaning techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T13:28:53Z","timestamp":1753968533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel In\u00a0Vitro Scrubber Model for Evaluating Wound Cleansing on Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fergus","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"5D Health Protection Group Limited  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Swann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5D Health Protection Group Limited  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne Saint","family":"Bezard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5D Health Protection Group Limited  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5D Health Protection Group Limited  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisha","family":"Oropallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Wound Healing Center and Hyperbarics, Northwell Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Percival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5D Health Protection Group Limited  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.Sup3.S7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2020.1193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14730"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"Wound Cleansing: Sorely Neglected?","volume":"14","author":"Carr M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Primary Intention: The Australian Journal of Wound Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000526607.80113.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.11.680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12074"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The Role of Wound Cleansing in the Management of Wounds","volume":"1","author":"Wolcott R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wounds International"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12590"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","article-title":"Water for Wound Cleansing","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2001.10.6.26087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1995.4.5.286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411422694"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Pressurised Irrigation Versus Swabbing for Wound Cleansing: A Multicentre, Prospective, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Mak S. S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2009.00639.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200107000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-6988.2004.00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1508502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(87)90121-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(98)90062-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1208146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2010.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"A.Collarte T. V. D. T.Leader L.Lara A.Alberto andT. V.Nurse \u201cEvaluation of a New Debridement Method for Sloughy Wounds and Hyperkeratotic Skin for a Non\u2010Specialist Setting \u201dposter presentation at EWMA Conference Brussels 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Consensus Guidance for the Use of Debridement Techniques in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Gray D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.101638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12245-010-0217-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Assessing the Clinical Performance of a New Selective Mechanical Wound Debridement Product","volume":"7","author":"Gray D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2011.20.5.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"N.Mustafi S.Bahr P.H\u00e4ttig A.Piatkowski G.Mosti andK.Reimann Clinical Efficacy of a Monofilament Fibre Containing Wound Debridement Product Evaluated in Multicentre Real Life Study poster presented at EWMA Conference May 2011 25\u201327."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.7.421"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Evidence in Wound Care: The Recent NICE Guidance on Debrisoft Monofilament Debridement Pad for Use in Acute or Chronic Wounds","volume":"10","author":"White R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-015-0195-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/nrec.2012.14.8.396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2020.100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.17.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25270\/wmp.2020.11.3142"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Cleansing Solutions for Wound Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Santos E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista de Enfermagem Refer\u00eancia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"J. L.Salager \u201cSurfactants Types and Uses \u201dFIRP Booklet 300 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000456"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Solutions, Techniques and Pressure in Wound Cleansing","volume":"14","author":"Joanna Briggs Institute","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australian Nursing Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"15S","article-title":"Principles of Wound Cleansing","volume":"41","author":"Barr J. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ostomy\/Wound Management"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Wound Cleansing: Principles and Practice","volume":"92","author":"Trevelyan J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nursing Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0329-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1994.20305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","article-title":"Evidence\u2010Based Management Strategies for Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"9","author":"Werdin F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45969-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2021.81"}],"container-title":["Wound Repair and Regeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/wrr.70063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:51:31Z","timestamp":1756209091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/wrr.70063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/wrr.70063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wrr.70063","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-1927","1524-475X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-1927","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-475X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70063"}}