{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:13:25Z","timestamp":1777004005325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office for Health and Medical Research (Queensland Health)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Worldviews Ev Based Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women undergoing cesarean section are vulnerable to adverse effects associated with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, but there has been a lack of synthesized evidence for temperature management in this population. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence in relation to preventing hypothermia in mothers undergoing cesarean section surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria (adult patients of any ethnic background, with or without comorbidities, undergoing any mode of anesthesia for any type of cesarean section) were eligible for consideration. Active or passive warming interventions versus usual care or placebo, aiming to limit or manage core heat loss in women undergoing cesarean section were considered. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature. A comprehensive search with no language restrictions was undertaken of multiple databases from their inception until May 2012. Two independent reviewers using the standardized critical appraisal instrument for randomized controlled trials from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta\u2010Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instruments (JBI\u2010MASTARI) assessed retrieved papers for methodological quality and conducted data collection. Where possible, results were combined in a fixed effects meta\u2010analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager software. Due to heterogeneity for one outcome, random effects meta\u2010analysis was also used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A combined total of 719 participants from 12 studies were included. Intravenous fluid warming was found to be effective at maintaining maternal temperature and preventing shivering. Warming devices, including forced air warming and under\u2010body carbon polymer mattresses, were effective at preventing hypothermia. However, effectiveness increased if the devices were applied preoperatively. Preoperative warming devices reduced shivering and improved neonatal temperatures at birth. Intravenous fluid warming did not improve neonatal temperature, and the effectiveness of warming interventions on umbilical pH remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Linking Evidence to Action<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravenous fluid warming by any method improves maternal temperature and reduces shivering during and after cesarean section, as does preoperative body warming. Preoperative warming strategies should be utilized where possible. Preoperative or intraoperative warmed IV fluids should be standard practice. Warming strategies are less effective when intrathecal opioids are administered. Further research is needed to investigate interventions in emergency cesarean section surgery. Larger scale studies using standardized, clinically meaningful temperature measurement time points are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T22:16:43Z","timestamp":1412115403000},"page":"383-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Warming Interventions for Women Undergoing Cesarean Section"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Munday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Nurse Nursing Research Centre Queensland University of Technology  Kelvin Grove ALD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acting Director and Nurse Researcher Nursing Research Centre Mater Health Services The Queensland Centre for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery: A Collaborating Centre of the Joana Briggs Institute  South Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral candidate Queensland University of Technology  Kelvin Grove QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Clinical Nursing Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove  QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Research Manager Mater Research Office Mater Health Services  South Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patsy","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of School of Nursing Queensland University of Technology  Kelvin Grove QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200009000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpan.2001.28060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorn.2007.04.015"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"290P","article-title":"Warming mattress to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia and shivering during elective caesarean section","volume":"107","author":"Chakladar A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Chakladar A. Dixon M. J. &Harper C. M.(2012).Actively warming patients with a mattress during caesarean section reduces the incidence of hypothermia and attentuates fall in haemoglobin. Unpublished manuscript. Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Temperature changes and shivering after epidural anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"14","author":"Chan V. W.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2012.62.5.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (version 5.1.0)","author":"Deeks J. 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(2008).Clinical Practice Guideline. The management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. National Institute for Clinical Health and Excellence. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/Guidance\/CG65"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of pre\u2010warmed intravenous fluid therapy on prevention of postoperative shivering after caesarean section","volume":"17","author":"Oshvandi K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"HAYAT: Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Reidy J. Preston R. Douglas J. Sherlock R. &Tyler J.(2008).The effect of maternal warming during cesarean delivery on neonatal temperature. 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