{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:54:25Z","timestamp":1790387665781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glutaraldehyde fixation does not guarantee complete tissue biocompatibility in current clinical bioprosthetic heart valves (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>s). Particularly, circulating anti\u2010\u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al human antibodies increase significantly from just 10\u00a0days after a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content> implantation. The inactivation of such epitope should be mandatory to meet the requirements for a perspectively safe clinical application; nevertheless, its quantitative assessment in commercially available <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>s has never been carried out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this investigation, seven different models of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>s were tested. The number of epitopes was determined with reference to a standard \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al source by an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> test. The presence of xenoantigen was subsequently confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. Porcine tissue, knockout for the \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al epitopes, was used as negative control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>pic\u2122 valve was the only model among those tested, in which the \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al antigen appeared to be completely shielded. Composite <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rifecta\u2122 valve exhibited conflicting results: cusps of bovine pericardial tissue were devoid of reactive \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al epitopes, while the stent cover strip of porcine pericardium still maintained 30% of active antigens originally present in native tissue. All other tested <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>s express an \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al amount not significantly different from that exhibited by porcine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>osaic<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> valve (5.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> each 10\u00a0mg of tissue).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the first time, the quantitative evaluation of the \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al epitope in heart valve bioprostheses, already in clinical practice for about 40\u00a0yrs, was finally determined. Such quantification might provide indications of biocompatibility relevant for the selection of bioprosthetic devices and an increase in the confidence of the patient. It might become a major quality control tool in the production and redirection of future investigation in the quest for \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>al\u2010free long\u2010lasting substitutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T09:38:12Z","timestamp":1374226692000},"page":"252-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["First quantification of alpha\u2010<scp>G<\/scp>al epitope in current glutaraldehyde\u2010fixed heart valve bioprostheses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Naso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gandaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomaso","family":"Bottio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Tarzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark B.","family":"Nottle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J. F.","family":"d'Apice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Centre St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Centre St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuele","family":"Cozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Technology Avantea Cremona Italy"},{"name":"Department 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