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The developing world shoulders 90% of the world's blindness, with 80% of causative diseases being preventable or treatable. Blindness has a major detrimental impact on the patient, community, and healthcare spending. Corneal diseases are significant causes of blindness, affecting at least 4\u00a0million people worldwide. The prevalence of corneal disease varies between parts of the world. Trachoma, for instance, is the second leading cause of blindness in Africa, after cataracts, but is rarely found today in developed nations. When preventive strategies have failed, corneal transplantation is the most effective treatment for advanced corneal disease. The major surgical techniques for corneal transplantation include penetrating keratoplasty (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), anterior lamellar keratoplasty, and endothelial keratoplasty (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Indications for corneal transplantation vary between countries, with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      uchs' dystrophy being the leading indication in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and keratoconus in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ustralia. With the exception of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , where\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      will soon overtake\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      as the most common surgical procedure,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is the overwhelming procedure of choice. Success using corneal grafts in developing nations, such as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      epal, demonstrates the feasibility of corneal transplantation on a global scale. The number of suitable corneas from deceased human donors that becomes available will never be sufficient, and so research into various alternatives, for example stem cells, amniotic membrane transplantation, synthetic and biosynthetic corneas, and xenotransplantation, is progressing. While each of these has potential, we suggest that xenotransplantation holds the greatest potential for a corneal replacement. With the increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs, pig corneas may alleviate the global shortage of corneas in the near future.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T12:31:41Z","timestamp":1393245101000},"page":"99-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Corneal blindness and xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Lamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas E. 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