{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:48:20Z","timestamp":1766587700586},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although xenotransplantation of vascularized organs\/cells has not yet reached the clinic, glutaraldehyde\u2010treated bioprosthetic heart valves (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>), derived from porcine or bovine tissues, are today used for clinical replacement of diseased heart valves. However, the durability of these valve cusps is limited partly due to the onset of immune responses to the grafts. The xenoantigen\u2010determinant Gal\u03b13Gal\u2010 and corresponding anti\u2010Gal antibodies have been postulated to in part contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content> damage. However, the presence of other non\u2010Gal carbohydrate antigen determinants as well as the immune response to these non\u2010Gal antigens and the inflammatory response generated by their interaction with the immune system has not been studied. In this study, we have isolated and structurally characterized both non\u2010acid and acid glycosphingolipids from na\u00efve porcine aortic and pulmonary valve cusps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total non\u2010acid and acid glycosphingolipids were isolated from porcine aortic and pulmonalis valve cusps of 20 animals. Glycosphingolipid components were structurally characterized by thin\u2010layer chromatography, liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and binding of monoclonal antibodies and lectins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The non\u2010acid glycosphingolipids were characterized as globotetraosylceramide, H\u2010type 2 pentaosylceramide, fucosyl\u2010gangliotetraosylceramide, and Gal\u03b13neolactotetraosylceramide. The acid glycosphingolipid fractions had both sulfatide and gangliosides (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1, fucosyl\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GD<\/jats:styled-content>3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GD<\/jats:styled-content>1a), and all gangliosides contained <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyl\u2010neuraminic acid. Significantly, the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycolyl\u2010neuraminic acid (NeuGc) variant, a major component in many pig organs and to which humans can develop antibodies, was not detected among the gangliosides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pig valve cusps contain several complex lipid\u2010bound carbohydrate structures that may be targets for the human immune system. Notable, the NeuGc determinant was absent in the cusp gangliosides. This work forms a platform for further characterizing the antibody reactivity of patients with porcine\u2010derived <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHV<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T12:23:15Z","timestamp":1404908595000},"page":"510-522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characterization of acid and non\u2010acid glycosphingolipids of porcine heart valve cusps as potential immune targets in biological heart valve grafts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Barone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical Sciences Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Benktander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Teneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Breimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical Sciences Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Immunological involvement in porcine bioprosthetic valve degeneration: preliminary studies","volume":"30","author":"Heinzerling RH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Henry Ford Hosp Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Structural changes in porcine bioprosthetic valves of a left ventricular assist system in human patients","volume":"9","author":"Moczar M","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02492-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.549311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2011.00644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71676-1","article-title":"Bovine alpha 1\u20143\u2010galactosyltransferase: isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone. 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