{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:29:40Z","timestamp":1791178180266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81200315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81200315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole\u2010organ engineering provides a new alternative source of donor organs for xenotransplantation. Utilization of decellularized whole\u2010organ scaffolds, which can be created by detergent perfusion, is a strategy for tissue engineering. In this article, our aim is to scale up the decellularization process to human\u2010sized liver and kidney to generate a decellularized matrix with optimal and stable characteristics on a clinically relevant scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole porcine liver and kidney were decellularized by perfusion using different detergents (1% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDS<\/jats:styled-content>, 1% Triton X\u2010100, 1% peracetic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAA<\/jats:styled-content>), and 1% Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOC<\/jats:styled-content>) via the portal vein and renal artery of the liver and kidney, respectively. After rinsing with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content> to remove the detergents, the obtained liver and kidney extracellular matrix (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content>) were processed for histology, residual cellular content analysis, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content> components evaluation to investigate decellularization efficiency, xenoantigens removal, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content> preservation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The resulting liver and kidney scaffolds in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated group showed the most efficient clearance of cellular components and xenoantigens, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> and protein, and preservation of the extracellular matrix composition. In comparison, cell debris was observed in the other decellularized groups that were generated using Triton X\u2010100, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAA<\/jats:styled-content>, and Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOC<\/jats:styled-content>. Special staining and immunochemistry of the porcine liver and kidney <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content>s further confirmed the disrupted three\u2010dimension ultrastructure of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content> in the Triton X\u2010100 and Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOC<\/jats:styled-content> groups. Additionally, Triton X\u2010100 effectively eliminated the residual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDS<\/jats:styled-content> in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated group, which ensured the scaffolds were not cytotoxic to cells. Thus, we have developed an optimal method that can be scaled up for use with other solid whole organs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010perfusion protocol can be used for porcine liver and kidney decellularization to obtain organ scaffolds cleared of cellular material, xenoimmunogens, and preserved vital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECM<\/jats:styled-content> components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1412684735000},"page":"48-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Method for perfusion decellularization of porcine whole liver and kidney for use as a scaffold for clinical\u2010scale bioengineering 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