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However, there is a limited supply of human livers as a source of cells and, after isolation, human hepatocytes can be difficult to expand in culture, limiting the number available for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tx<\/jats:styled-content><jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold> Hepatocytes from other species, for example, the pig, have therefore emerged as a potential alternative source. We searched the literature through the end of 2014 to assess the current status of experimental research into hepatocyte xenoTx. The literature search identified 51 reports of in\u00a0vivo cross\u2010species <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tx<\/jats:styled-content> of hepatocytes in a variety of experimental models. Most studies investigated the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tx<\/jats:styled-content> of human (n\u00a0=\u00a023) or pig (n\u00a0=\u00a019) hepatocytes. No studies explored hepatocytes from genetically engineered pigs. The spleen was the most common site of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tx<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a023), followed by the liver (through the portal vein [n\u00a0=\u00a06]) and peritoneal cavity (n\u00a0=\u00a019). In 47 studies (92%), there was evidence of hepatocyte engraftment and function across a species barrier. The data provided by this literature search strengthen the hypothesis that xenoTx of hepatocytes is feasible and potentially successful as a clinical therapy for certain liver diseases, including hepatic failure. By excluding vascular structures, hepatocytes isolated from genetically engineered pig livers may address some of the immunological problems of xenoTx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T11:58:58Z","timestamp":1430999938000},"page":"239-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Experimental hepatocyte xenotransplantation\u2014a comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Huidong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Center for Kidney Transplantation Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas E. 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