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The biology of these viruses has not been extensively investigated in the in vivo xeno\u2010environment. Enhancement of viral gene expression by viral and cellular factors acting in<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>has been demonstrated for certain viruses, including bidirectional interactions between human herpesviruses and endogenous (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HERV<\/jats:styled-content>) and exogenous (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) retroviruses. Both porcine cytomegalovirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>) and porcine endogenous retrovirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>) infections have been identified in xenografts from swine.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>receptors exist on human cells with productive infection in vitro in permissive human target cell lines.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>is largely species\u2010specific with infection restricted to the xenograft in pig\u2010to\u2010baboon transplants. It is unknown whether coinfection by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>affects the replication of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>within xenograft tissues which might have implications for the risk of retroviral infection in the human host.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of 11 functioning, life\u2010supporting pig\u2010to\u2010baboon kidney xenografts from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive miniature swine were studied with and without<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>co\u2010infection. Frozen biopsy samples were analyzed using quantitative, real\u2010time<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>with internal controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>replication was not altered in the presence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>coinfection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.70). The absence of variation with coinfection was confirmed when<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>quantitation was expressed relative to simultaneous cellular<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAPDH<\/jats:styled-content>levels with or without<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>coinfection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.59).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCMV<\/jats:styled-content>coinfection does not alter the replication of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PERV<\/jats:styled-content>in life\u2010supporting renal xenotransplantation in vivo in baboons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T22:14:20Z","timestamp":1523052860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Absence of interaction between porcine endogenous retrovirus and porcine cytomegalovirus in pig\u2010to\u2010baboon renal xenotransplantation in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2671-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay A.","family":"Fishman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Translational Immunology Departments of Medicine and 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