{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:31Z","timestamp":1786725751720,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI126683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI126683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OD010976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD010976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Safety concerns exist for corneal recipients under immunosuppression. We report long\u2010term safety results of porcine corneal xenotransplantation under immunosuppression in nonhuman primates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic monitoring data from 49 Chinese rhesus macaques that received pig corneal transplant between 2009 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The recipients were divided into 4 groups depending on the systemic immunosuppressants used: (a) conventional steroid group; costimulation blockade groups ([b] anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>154 antibody, [c] anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>40 antibody); and (d) commercially available immunosuppressants (anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>20 antibody, tacrolimus, basiliximab) group. We compared results of general condition monitoring; hematologic, biochemical, and electrolyte tests; and Rhesus Cytomegalovirus infection monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All recipients recovered from early weight loss. White blood cell counts significantly decreased at 6\u00a0months in the steroid and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>154 groups. Abnormal liver and kidney function and electrolyte imbalance were not observed in all groups. The mean value of Rhesus Cytomegalovirus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> copies was consistently lower than 200\u00a0copies\/mL, and antibody titers did not change over time in all groups. Tacrolimus\u2010associated thrombotic microangiopathy was developed in one case, which resolved after discontinuation of tacrolimus. In 2017, a simian varicella virus outbreak led to clinical signs in 5 that received immunosuppressive therapies, of which 3 died.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Costimulatory blockade\u2010based and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>20 antibody\/tacrolimus\u2010based immunosuppressive therapies seem to be comparably safe with steroid therapy in nonhuman primates receiving corneal xenotransplantation, as they did not reactivate Rhesus Cytomegalovirus and maintained manageable systemic status. Although reactivation is rare, antiviral prophylaxis for simian varicella virus should be considered in immunocompromised hosts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T10:18:43Z","timestamp":1534587523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long\u2010term safety outcome of systemic immunosuppression in pig\u2010to\u2010nonhuman primate corneal xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9916-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology Seoul Artificial Eye Center Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Seoul National University College of Medicine 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Artificial Eye Center Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Pyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology Seoul Artificial Eye Center Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010Hwan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung Min","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Research Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7314-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology Seoul Artificial Eye Center Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University 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