{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:54:52Z","timestamp":1761630892850,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]],"date-time":"2020-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ever\u2010increasing disparity between the lack of organ donors and patients on the transplant waiting list is increasing worldwide. For the past several decades xenotransplantation has led the way to correct this deficit and remains clearly the only feasible option to provide a means to meet the demand for patients in need of an organ transplant. Xenotransplantation\u2019s ability to provide a specifically designed unlimited supply of organs, suited to treat the various needs for transplant organs and cells, has recently been championed by successful pre\u2010clinical trials that have run long\u2010term in non\u2010human primate studies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this review we show how these improvements have come about due to long\u2010term dedicated research and recent advances in biomedical engineering technology, such as genome editing tools including zinc finger nucleases, TALEN, and CRISPER\/Cas9 which have paved the way for significant breakthroughs in improving xenograft outcomes through genetic modifications to the donor source pig. Other novel approaches include the development of decellularized porcine tissue, such as corneas which can now be transplanted into patients with the minimal need for immunosuppression or other side effects. Further genetic variants of the porcine genome are also now being optimized to abrogate rejection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The emergence of new modalities such as; mesenchymal stem cells, donor thymic vascularization, in vivo bioreactors, chemokine and cytokine therapies have come to show improvements in xenograft outcomes. Furthermore, new studies confirm the safety status of using porcine xenografts, verifying that with current technologies and approaches, the issue of PERV transmission is a moot point. These breakthroughs and technological advancements\u00a0push the reality of xenotransplantation one step closer to the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T04:34:25Z","timestamp":1580099665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Xenotransplantation literature update, November\/December 2019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Adwin","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Transplant &amp; Renal Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne J.","family":"Hawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Transplant &amp; Renal Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery University of Sydney Westmead Hospital Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Burlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Schulze Diabetes Institute University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis 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