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However, there are several challenges limiting its widespread use, including the instant blood\u2010mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxic\/ischemic injury, and the immune response. Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs) are known to exert regenerative, immunoregulatory, angiogenic, and metabolic properties. Here, we review recent reports on the application of MSCs in islet allo\u2010 and xenotransplantation. We also document the clinical trials that have been undertaken or are currently underway, relating to the co\u2010transplantation of islets and MSCs. Increasing evidence indicates that co\u2010transplantation of MSCs prolongs islet graft survival by locally secreted protective factors that reduce immune reactivity and promote vascularization, cell survival, and regeneration. MSC therapy may be a promising option for islet transplantation in patients with T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T06:16:11Z","timestamp":1613024171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Potential roles of mesenchymal stromal cells in islet allo\u2010 and xenotransplantation for type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zepeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen University Health Science Center Shenzhen University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen University Health Science Center Shenzhen University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Lansi Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David K. 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