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We briefly report one such case and illustrate the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of such a kidney and ureter. The causes of the observed changes remain uncertain. In our small experience, there seems to be no correlation between the development of hydronephrosis and (i) the surgical technique, (ii) the genotype of the pig, (iii) the length of the pig ureter, or (iv) the immunosuppressive and anti\u2010inflammatory therapy administered. We suggest that the distal ureteric thickening may be the result of an inflammatory response. In two cases, we resolved the problem by carrying out a secondary side\u2010to\u2010side anastomosis between the proximal pig ureter and the baboon bladder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1664168076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Observations on hydronephrosis after pig kidney transplantation in baboons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jeremy B","family":"Foote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Animal Resources Program University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Bikhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Hansen\u2010Estruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariyam","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ayares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revivicor  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Humar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devin E.","family":"Eckhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K. 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