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It is now critical to evaluate and understand the pathobiology of late graft failure and devise new means to improve post xenograft outcomes. In renal allotransplantation the most common cause of late renal graft failure is transplant glomerulopathy\u2014largely due to anti\u2010donor MHC antibodies, particularly anti\u2010HLA DQ antibodies. We evaluated the pig renal xenograft pathology of four long\u2010surviving (&gt;300 days) rhesus monkeys. We also evaluated the terminal serum for the presence of anti\u2010SLA class I and specifically anti\u2010SLA DQ antibodies. All four recipients had transplant glomerulopathy and expressed anti\u2010SLA DQ antibodies. In one recipient tested for anti\u2010SLA I antibodies, the recipient had antibodies specifically reacting with two of three SLA I alleles tested. These results suggest that similar to allotransplantation, anti\u2010MHC antibodies, particularly anti\u2010SLA DQ, may be a barrier to improved long\u2010term xenograft outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T08:06:22Z","timestamp":1716019582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Late graft failure of pig\u2010to\u2010rhesus renal xenografts has features of glomerulopathy and recipients have anti\u2010swine leukocyte antigen class I and class II antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Ladowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Duke School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Tector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makana Therapeutics  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Miami School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Burlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Miami School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Miami School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Miami School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Minnesota School of Medicine  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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