{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:27:18Z","timestamp":1778606838374,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR 127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR 127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR\u2010SII5_198577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR\u2010SII5_198577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002745","name":"Bayerische Forschungsstiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ\u20101543\u201022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ\u20101543\u201022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pleural effusions develop frequently after cardiac surgery in humans. Lung ultrasound is an essential non\u2010invasive tool in the diagnosis and treatment of these effusions. Pleural effusions also develop regularly after preclinical cardiac xenotransplantation experiments. Unlike in the human setting, modern ultrasound devices lack pre\u2010installed tools for calculating the volume of pleural effusions in baboons. The aim of this study was to analyze ultrasound examinations of pleural effusions after orthotopic pig\u2010to\u2010baboon cardiac xenotransplantation experiments in order to develop a formula for calculating the effusion volume based on ultrasound measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hearts from seven genetically modified (GGTA1\u2010KO, hCD46\/hTBM transgenic) juvenile pigs were orthotopically transplanted into male baboons. Postoperatively, the baboons were tested regularly for the development of pleural effusions using ultrasound. When thoracocentesis was required, the drained effusion volume (EV) was compared to ultrasound\u2010derived calculations using various formulas. These calculations were based on measuring the distance between lung and diaphragm at the effusions\u2019 maximum height (H<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>). Subsequently, the most promising formula was used to describe the interobserver variability between trained and untrained staff members to predict effusion volumes based on ultrasound measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrasound measurement correlated very strongly with the absolute EV (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.9156, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), with EV indexed to total body weight (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.9344, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and with EV indexed to body surface area (BSA) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.9394, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The ratio between H<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and EV increased with total body weight and BSA and also depended on the baboon species. The sonographic measurements taken by an experienced and an inexperienced observer showed only low interobserver variability. A Bland\u2013Altman plot of both observers\u2019 measurements showed an overall bias of \u20132.39%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrasound imaging provides a simple and non\u2010invasive tool for measuring pleural effusion quantity in baboons. This facilitates simple and efficient monitoring even in the hands of untrained personnel and may guide the decision\u2010making to perform thoracocentesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.70006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T06:55:39Z","timestamp":1731912939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultrasound Assessment of Pleural Effusions After Orthotopic Pig\u2010to\u2010Baboon Cardiac Xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9590-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Radan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2859-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Reichart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Leuschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Mokelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127 Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Buttgereit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ayares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revivicor Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0430-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eckhard","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences LMU Munich Munich Germany"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) LMU Munich Munich Germany"},{"name":"Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modelling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU) LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan\u2010Michael","family":"Abicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0996-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"L\u00e4ngin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich 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