{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:23:00Z","timestamp":1787016180687,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pig\u2010to\u2010human kidney xenotransplantation offers a potential solution to the organ shortage. However, the ability of the transplanted pig kidney to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance remains uncertain. The renin\u2010angiotensin\u2010aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a crucial role in these functions, but species differences may impair its effectiveness in xenotransplantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gene\u2010edited pig kidneys were transplanted into six immunosuppressed baboons. Group A (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2) underwent bilateral native nephrectomy, while Group B (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4) had unilateral nephrectomy with one native kidney remaining in situ (with its ureter ligated) to avoid it contributing to salt and volume regulation. Plasma creatinine, potassium, renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, and aldosterone levels were measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group A, but not Group B, exhibited increases in plasma creatinine and potassium levels, indicating hypovolemia that could be corrected by frequent fluid administration. Pig\u2010specific renin was undetectable at all post\u2010transplant time points in both groups. Baboon renin concentration and activity were measurable only in Group B, indicating that the native kidney contributed to renin production. Aldosterone levels remained unchanged in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The absence of detectable pig renin highlights a potential physiological challenge in xenotransplantation. However, the retention of a native kidney may help maintain RAAS function and mitigate fluid and electrolyte imbalances. In clinical pig\u2010to\u2010human kidney transplantation, both native kidneys are usually retained, thus minimizing the development of hypovolemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:34:57Z","timestamp":1776166497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Renin\u2010Angiotensin\u2010Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Pig\u2010to\u2010Baboon Kidney Xenotransplantation\u2014Relevance to Clinical Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maho","family":"Terashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3267-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryousuke","family":"Satou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akemi","family":"Katsurada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gweneth Eliza","family":"Lavalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Maenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0621-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivy A.","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ayares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revivicor  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Gabriel","family":"Navar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K. 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