{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:57:35Z","timestamp":1772265455229,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes, mainly of the <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> genus, and certain wild bird species. Other bird species like ravens, jays and raptors are highly susceptible to the infection and may develop deadly encephalitis, while further species of birds are only going through subclinical infection. The objective of this study was to continue in years 2009\u20132011 the serological and molecular surveillance in wild birds in Germany (see <jats:italic>Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis<\/jats:italic>. 10, 639) and to expand these investigations for the first time also to sera from domestic poultry and horses collected between 2005 and 2009. All three cohorts function as indicators for the endemic circulation of WNV. The presence of WNV\u2010specific antibodies was detected in all samples by virus neutralization test (VNT), indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT) and\/or enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The presence of WNV genomes was monitored in relevant sera using two qRT\u2010PCRs that amplify lineage 1 and 2 strains. A total of 364 migratory and resident wild bird serum samples (with emphasis on Passeriformes and Falconiformes) as well as 1119 serum samples from domestic poultry and 1282 sera from horses were analysed. With the exception of one hooded crow, antibody carriers were exclusively found in migratory birds, but not in resident birds\/domestic poultry or in local horses. Crows are facultative, short\u2010distance winter migrants in Germany. WNV\u2010specific nucleic acids could not be demonstrated in any of the samples. According to these data, there is no convincing evidence for indigenous WNV infections in equines and in wild\/domestic birds in Germany. However, since a few years, WNV infections are endemic in other European countries such as Austria, Hungary, Greece and Italy, a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art surveillance system for the detection of incursions of WNV into Germany deems mandatory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T12:04:00Z","timestamp":1347019440000},"page":"95-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Monitoring of West Nile Virus Infections in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Seidowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Angenvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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