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This system incorporated passive and active equine surveillance, periodical testing of chicken sentinels in wetland areas, serosurveillance wild birds and testing of adult mosquitoes. Samples from 298 equines, 100 sentinel chickens, 1086 wild birds and 39\u00a0599 mosquitoes were analysed. During these 5\u00a0years, no acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content> infection was detected in humans or domestic animal populations in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>atalonia. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content> was not detected in mosquitoes either. Nevertheless, several seroconversions in resident and migrant wild birds indicate that local <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content> or other closely related flaviviruses transmission was occurring among bird populations. These data indicate that bird and mosquito surveillance can detect otherwise silent transmission of flaviviruses and give some insights regarding possible avian hosts and vectors in a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]],"date-time":"2013-04-17T11:21:05Z","timestamp":1366197665000},"page":"181-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Ecological Surveillance for West Nile in Catalonia (Spain), Learning from a Five\u2010Year Period of Follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Allepuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Bellaterra Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Napp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3 i Medi Natural Generalitat de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Selga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3 i Medi Natural Generalitat de Catalunya Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Control de Mosquits del Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Bellaterra Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Pages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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