{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:56:11Z","timestamp":1791305771706,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Q fever is a vaccine\u2010preventable disease; despite this, high annual notification numbers are still recorded in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia. We have previously shown seroprevalence in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content>ueensland metropolitan regions is approaching that of rural areas. This study investigated the presence of nucleic acid from <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, the agent responsible for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content> fever, in a number of animal and environmental samples collected throughout Queensland, to identify potential sources of human infection. Samples were collected from 129 geographical locations and included urine, faeces and whole blood from 22 different animal species; 45 ticks were removed from two species, canines and possums; 151 soil samples; 72 atmospheric dust samples collected from two locations and 50 dust swabs collected from domestic vacuum cleaners. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> testing was performed targeting the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IS<\/jats:styled-content>1111 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COM<\/jats:styled-content>1 genes for the specific detection of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0burnetii <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>. There were 85 detections from 1318 animal samples, giving a detection rate for each sample type ranging from 2.1 to 6.8%. Equine samples produced a detection rate of 11.9%, whilst feline and canine samples showed detection rates of 7.8% and 5.2%, respectively. Native animals had varying detection rates: pooled urines from flying foxes had 7.8%, whilst koalas had 5.1%, and 6.7% of ticks screened were positive. The soil and dust samples showed the presence of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0burnetii <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> ranging from 2.0 to 6.9%, respectively. These data show that specimens from a variety of animal species and the general environment provide a number of potential sources for <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0burnetii<\/jats:italic> infections of humans living in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content>ueensland. These previously unrecognized sources may account for the high seroprevalence rates seen in putative low\u2010risk communities, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content> fever patients with no direct animal contact and those subjects living in a low\u2010risk urban environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T13:23:36Z","timestamp":1368192216000},"page":"105-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Potential Animal and Environmental Sources of <scp>Q<\/scp> Fever Infection for Humans in <scp>Q<\/scp>ueensland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Tozer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute Children's Health Queensland Hospitals and Health Service  The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. B.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute Children's Health Queensland Hospitals and Health Service The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia"},{"name":"Immunisation Program, Communicable Diseases Branch Queensland Health Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L.","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Environment Research Centre Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. E.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries &amp; Forestry Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases Biosecurity Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. P.","family":"Sloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute Children's Health Queensland Hospitals and Health Service  The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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