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Little is known regarding the occurrence and epidemiology of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frica despite the recognized global importance of this zoonotic disease and the threat it poses to public health. In<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>otswana, banded mongooses (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ungos mungo<\/jats:italic>) live in close proximity to humans across protected and unprotected landscapes and may be a useful sentinel species for assessing the occurrence of zoonotic organisms, such as<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>. We utilized<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>to screen banded mongoose kidneys for leptospiral<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>and identified 41.5% prevalence of renal carriage of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>(exact binomial 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>27.7\u201356.7%,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a041). Renal carriage was also detected in one Selous' mongoose (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>aracynictis selousi<\/jats:italic>). This is the first published confirmation of carriage of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>in either species. This is also the first report of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>occurrence in northern Botswana and the only report of this organism in a wildlife host in the country. Pathogenic<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>are usually transmitted indirectly to humans through soil or water contaminated with infected urine. Other avenues, such as direct contact between humans and wildlife, as well as consumption of mongooses and other wildlife as bushmeat, may pose additional exposure risk and must be considered in public health management of this newly identified zoonotic disease threat. There is a critical need to characterize host species involvement and pathogen transmission dynamics, including human\u2013wildlife interactions that may increase human exposure potential and infection risk. We recommend that public health strategy be modified to include sensitization of medical practitioners to the presence of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>in the region, the potential for human infection, and implementation of clinical screening. This study illustrates the need for increased focus on neglected zoonotic diseases as they present an important threat to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]],"date-time":"2013-05-14T12:17:01Z","timestamp":1368533821000},"page":"113-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Leptospira interrogans<\/i>at the Human\u2013Wildlife Interface in Northern Botswana: A Newly Identified Public Health Threat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"S. 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