{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1791291899968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]],"date-time":"2014-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human serological assays designed to detect brucellosis will miss infections caused by<jats:italic>Brucella canis<\/jats:italic>, and low levels of periodic bacteremia limit diagnosis by blood culture. Recent<jats:italic>B.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>outbreaks in dogs and concomitant illnesses in caretakers suggest that unapparent human infections may be occurring. With more than a quarter of a million persons in occupations involving dogs, and nearly 80 million dog owners in the United States, this pathogen is an under\u2010recognized human health threat. To investigate occupational exposure to<jats:italic>B.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>, we adapted a commercial canine serological assay and present the first controlled seroepidemiological study of human<jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>infections in recent years. 306 adults with occupational exposure to dogs and 101 non\u2010matched, non\u2010canine\u2010exposed subjects were enrolled. Antibodies were detected using the canine D\u2010Tec<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content>rapid slide agglutination test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>) kit with a secondary 2\u2010mercaptoethanol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ME<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>. Results were validated on a blinded subset of sera with an additional<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>and indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunoassay at the National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANLIS<\/jats:styled-content>) in Argentina. Seroprevalence ranged from 10.8% (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>) to 3.6% (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ME<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>) among canine\u2010exposed subjects. Kennel employees were more likely to test<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSAT<\/jats:styled-content>seropositive compared with other canine exposures (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.7; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.3\u20135.8); however, low seroprevalence limited meaningful occupational risk factor analyses. Two seropositive participants reported experiencing symptoms consistent with brucellosis and having exposure to<jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected dogs; however, temporality of symptom onset with reported exposure could not be determined. D\u2010Tec<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content>results had substantial agreement with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANLIS<\/jats:styled-content>assays (Cohen's kappa\u00a0=\u00a00.60\u20130.68). These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that people occupationally exposed to dogs may be at risk of unapparent<jats:italic>B.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>infection. It seems prudent to consider<jats:italic>B.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>as an occupational public health concern and encourage the development of serological assays to detect human<jats:italic>B.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]],"date-time":"2014-02-06T10:16:32Z","timestamp":1391681792000},"page":"509-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evidence for Unapparent<i>Brucella canis<\/i>Infections among Adults with Occupational Exposure to Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"W. S.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. E.","family":"Lucero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brucellosis Laboratory National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes Dr. C. G. Malbr\u00e1n (ANLIS) Ministry of Health Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Brower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. L.","family":"Heil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. C.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health &amp; Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Laboratory\u2010based diagnosis of brucellosis\u2013a review of the literature. Part II: serological tests for brucellosis","volume":"49","author":"Al Dahouk S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1979.175.03.276","article-title":"Agglutinins to Brucella canis in stray dogs from certain counties in Illinois and Wisconsin","volume":"175","author":"Boebel F. W.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. 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