{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T20:13:53Z","timestamp":1751487233202},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Ontario, Canada, the implementation of an annual rabies control programme in wildlife that began in 1989 resulted in a marked, steady decrease in the number of animal rabies cases. The number of animal rabies cases decreased from 1870 in 1989 to 183 in 2000 (Nunan et\u00a0al., 2002 <jats:italic>Emerg Infect Dis<\/jats:italic> 8, 214). In our study period, the number of animal rabies cases continued to decrease from 210 in 2001 to 28 in 2012. The marked decrease in animal rabies cases since 1989 has resulted in a decrease in the risk of human infection. A concomitant decrease in the number of rabies post\u2010exposure prophylaxis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content>) administered was anticipated but failed to occur. The mean rate of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content>, 13.9 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> administered per 100\u00a0000 persons, from 2001\u20132012 was approximately the same as the rate in the 1990s. Two possible reasons that the rate of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> administration has not decreased include strict adherence to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> recommendations and administration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> when it is not recommended. A reduction in the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> administered, consistent with the decrease in the animal rabies cases, would provide some financial savings for the government. Ideally, an increased use of the risk assessment approach in keeping with recent guidelines, rather than adhering to previous prescriptive recommendations for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> administration, coupled with a continuing low incidence of animal rabies cases will result in decreased, and yet appropriate, use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content>. Consideration should be given to identify how guidelines could be revised to more effectively target high\u2010risk exposures and reduce the administration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPEP<\/jats:styled-content> for instances in which the risk of rabies virus exposure is exceedingly low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1411382355000},"page":"356-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Human Rabies Post\u2010Exposure Prophylaxis and Animal Rabies in Ontario, Canada, 2001\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. O.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Rosatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Trent University Peterborough ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Rosella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. S.","family":"Crowcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Communicable Disease \u2013 General R.R.O.1990 Reg. 557. Available at:http:\/\/www.e-laws.gov.on.ca\/html\/regs\/english\/elaws_regs_900557_e.htm.(Accessed on August 22 2014)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in Canada for calendar year 2006","volume":"49","author":"Fehlner\u2010Gardiner C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Health Protection and Promotion Act 1990:R.S.O. 1990. c. H.7. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.e-laws.gov.on.ca\/html\/statutes\/english\/elaws_statutes_90h07_e.htm. (Accessed on August 22 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"498","volume-title":"Control of Communicable Diseases Manual","author":"Hemachuda T.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.06.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.051526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Macdonald D. W. 1980:The epizootiology of vulpine rabies: a detailed examination Rabies and Wildlife: a Biologist's Perspective pp. 15. Oxford University Press. New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Wildlife management agencies should participate in rabies control","volume":"28","author":"MacInnes C. D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee of Immunization and Public Health Agency of Canada 2012:Part 4 Active Vaccines: Rabies Vaccines Canadian Immunization Guide Evergreen Edn. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ottawa ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization and Health Canada 1993:Part 3 Active Immunizing Agents: Rabies vaccine Canadian Immunization Guide 4th Edn pp. 101\u2013108. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ottawa ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization and Health Canada 1998:Part 3 Active Immunizing Agents: Rabies vaccine Canadian Immunization Guide 5th Edn pp. 149\u2010156. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ottawa ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization and Health Canada 2002:Part 3 Active Immunizing Agents: Rabies vaccine Canadian Immunization Guide 6th Edn pp. 191\u2010199. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ottawa ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"National Advisory Committee on Immunization and Public Health Agency of Canada 2006:Part 4 Activing Immunizing Agents: Rabies Vaccine Canadian Immunization Guide 7th Edn pp. 285\u2010297. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ottawa ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long\u2010Term Care 2001\u20102012:Ontario population. IntelliHEALTH Ontario. (Accessed on April 11 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long\u2010Term Care 2008:Rabies Prevention and Control Protocol. Available at:http:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/pro\/programs\/publichealth\/oph_standards\/docs\/rabies_prevention.pdf. (Accessed on December 6 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long\u2010Term Care 2011:Publicly Funded Vaccine Price List. Queen's Printer of Ontario Toronto ON. Ontario."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources: Animal Rabies Cases. Available at:http:\/\/www.mnr.gov.on.ca\/en\/Business\/Rabies\/2ColumnSubPage\/196811.html. (Accessed on September 5 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Rabies Immunization R.R.O. 1990:Reg.567. Available from:http:\/\/www.e-laws.gov.on.ca\/html\/regs\/english\/elaws_regs_900567_e.htm(Accessed on December 23 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Rabies in Canada \u2010 history, epidemiology and control","volume":"29","author":"Rosatte R. C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387040-7.00019-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396547-9.00018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.3.772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.2.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2010.01335.x"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fzph.12155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12155","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12155","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:10:19Z","timestamp":1695571819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12155","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]}}}