{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:46:43Z","timestamp":1780548403875,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>International dog imports pose a risk because of the potential movement of disease agents, including the canine rabies virus variant which has been eliminated from the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited S<\/jats:styled-content>tates since 2007. US<\/jats:styled-content> regulations require a rabies vaccination certificate for dogs arriving from rabies\u2010endemic countries, but permit the importation of dogs that have not been adequately immunized against rabies, provided that the dogs are confined under conditions that restrict their contact with humans and other animals until they have been immunized. CDC<\/jats:styled-content> Form 75.37, \u2018Notice to Owners and Importers of Dogs\u2019, explains the confinement requirements and serves as a binding confinement agreement with the importer. In this evaluation, we describe the characteristics of unimmunized dogs imported into the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited S<\/jats:styled-content>tates over a 1\u2010year period based upon dog confinement agreements recorded at the C<\/jats:styled-content>enters for D<\/jats:styled-content>isease C<\/jats:styled-content>ontrol and P<\/jats:styled-content>revention (CDC<\/jats:styled-content>) quarantine stations. Confinement agreements were issued for nearly 2800 unimmunized dogs that entered the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited S<\/jats:styled-content>tates during 1 J<\/jats:styled-content>une 2011\u201331 M<\/jats:styled-content>ay 2012, the majority of which travelled to the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited S<\/jats:styled-content>tates by air and without any seasonal pattern in import volume. Over 60% of these animals were puppies <3\u00a0months of age and included a wide variety of breeds. The dogs arrived from 81 countries, with the majority arriving from N<\/jats:styled-content>orth A<\/jats:styled-content>merica or E<\/jats:styled-content>urope. Dogs placed on confinement agreements had final destinations in 49 states. C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia, N<\/jats:styled-content>ew Y<\/jats:styled-content>ork, T<\/jats:styled-content>exas, W<\/jats:styled-content>ashington and F<\/jats:styled-content>lorida received the largest number of dogs on confinement agreements. These results (which do not reflect human travel or US<\/jats:styled-content> dog ownership data) suggest that a large portion of unimmunized dogs arrive from rabies\u2010endemic countries for commercial, shelter and rescue purposes. Further evaluation and key stakeholder involvement are needed to assess whether the current dog importation regulations are an adequate compromise between the benefits and risks of dog importation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T10:40:48Z","timestamp":1411382448000},"page":"393-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dogs Entering the U<\/scp>nited S<\/scp>tates from Rabies\u2010Endemic Countries, 2011\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"J. R.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quarantine and Border Health Services Branch Division of Global Migration and Quarantine National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) CDC Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Washburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quarantine and Border Health Services Branch Division of Global Migration and Quarantine National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) CDC Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Eagle Medical Services Corporate Office San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists Maitland FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. W.","family":"Lankau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LandCow Consulting Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"American Humane Association (AHA) 2013:U.S. Pet (Dog and Cat) Population Fact Sheet: Pet Demographic Data. Available at:http:\/\/www.americanhumane.org\/assets\/pdfs\/pets-fact-sheet.pdf(accessed 5 November 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"American Kennel Club (AKC) 2013:Breed Matters. Available at:http:\/\/www.akc.org\/breeds\/index.cfm(accessed 17 December 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Rabies in a dog imported from Iraq\u2014New Jersey, June 2008","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"CDC Health Information for International Travelers 2009: The Yellow Book","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Bringing a Dog into the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Rabies\u2010Free Countries and Political Units","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"M. Johnson 2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of rabies in an age of global travel: a review of travel\u2010 and trade\u2010associated rabies events \u2013 United States, 1986\u20142012","volume":"60","author":"Lankau E. W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2011","volume":"60","author":"National Association of State and Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV)","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Quantum GIS Development Team 2013:Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at:http:\/\/qgis.osgeo.org(accessed 9 September 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Sinclair J. 2012:Reports of Ill or Dead Dogs Entering the United States 2005\u20132010. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases (ICEID) March 11\u201314 2012(abstract)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"State of Hawaii 2013:Animal Industry Division Animal Quarantine Information Page. Available at:http:\/\/hdoa.hawaii.gov\/ai\/aqs\/animal-quarantine-information-page\/(accessed 9 October 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"U. S. Census Bureau 2012:The 2012 Statistical Abstract The National Data Book: Arts Recreation & Travel: Travel and Tourism. Available at:http:\/\/www.census.gov\/compendia\/statab\/cats\/arts_recreation_travel\/travel_and_tourism.html(accessed 23 October 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1956:21 FR 9870 Title 42: Public Health PART 71 \u2013 U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Subpart 1\u2014Border Quarantine \u00a7 71.154 Importation requirements for dogs and cats. Available at:http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Uzo7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=21+FR9870 Dec.+12 +1956&source=bl&ots=TOhf9T9daM&sig=OMDyggdwo763VitSI6vUhpna87E&hl=en&sa=X&eiHjW4UpiBBYf7kQf7h4DoCA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=21%20FR%209870%2C20Dec.%2012%2C%201956&f=false(accessed 23 December 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 2013:Title 42: Public Health PART 71\u2014FOREIGN QUARANTINE Subpart F\u2014Importations \u00a7 71.51 Dogs and cats. Available at:http:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/cgi-bin\/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=4b2bfde498052f412eed550a188c053c&rgn=div8&view=text&node=42:1.0.1.6.59.6.19.2&idno=42(accessed 27 September 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 2006:Smuggled puppies a concern to California. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Today June\/July 2006. Available at:http:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/xp\/CustomsToday\/2006\/jun_jul\/other\/puppies.xml(accessed 5 November 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture \u2013 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA\u2010APHIS) 2013:Import \u2013 Pets and Animals. Available at:http:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/import_export\/animals\/animal_import\/animal_imports_pets.shtml(accessed 27 September 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","author":"Velasco\u2010Villa A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) 2013:Rabies \u2013 Bulletin \u2013 Europe Rabies Information System of the WHO Collaboration Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research. Available at:http:\/\/www.who-rabies-bulletin.org\/about_rabies\/Control.aspx(accessed 5 November 2013)."}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fzph.12160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:10:51Z","timestamp":1695571851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]}}}