{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T09:56:26Z","timestamp":1704880586389},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Avian influenza virus (H5N1) is a rapidly disseminating infection that affects poultry and, potentially, humans. Because the avian virus has already adapted to several mammalian species, decreasing the rate of avian\u2013mammalian contacts is critical to diminish the chances of a total adaptation of H5N1 to humans. To prevent the pandemic such adaptation could facilitate, a biology\u2010specific disease surveillance model is needed, which should also consider geographical and socio\u2010cultural factors. Here, we conceptualized a surveillance model meant to capture H5N1\u2010related biological and cultural aspects, which included food processing, trade and cooking\u2010related practices, as well as incentives (or disincentives) for desirable behaviours. This proof of concept was tested with data collected from 378 Egyptian and Nigerian sites (local [backyard] producers\/live bird markets\/village abattoirs\/commercial abattoirs and veterinary agencies). Findings revealed numerous opportunities for pathogens to disseminate, as well as lack of incentives to adopt preventive measures, and factors that promoted epidemic dissemination. Supporting such observations, the estimated risk for H5N1\u2010related human mortality was higher than previously reported. The need for multidimensional disease surveillance models, which may detect risks at higher levels than models that only measure one factor or outcome, was supported. To develop efficient surveillance systems, interactions should be captured, which include but exceed biological factors. This low\u2010cost and easily implementable model, if conducted over time, may identify focal instances where tailored policies may diminish both endemicity and the total adaptation of H5N1 to the human species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T12:36:01Z","timestamp":1430310961000},"page":"20-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of Disease\u2010specific, Context\u2010specific Surveillance Models: Avian Influenza (H5N1)\u2010Related Risks and Behaviours in African Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"F. O.","family":"Fasina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Farm Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Yalenaan the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. M. K.","family":"Njage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science University of Pretoria Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M. M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB) Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Yilma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) FAO Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"Bwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Internal Medicine School of Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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