{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:59:53Z","timestamp":1789624793335,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Deputy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","award":["18649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18649"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>) is an important vector\u2010borne disease in Iran. Till now, <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> has been detected from five species of sand flies in the country including <jats:italic>Phlebotomus kandelakii<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Phlebotomus major s.l<\/jats:italic>., <jats:italic>Phlebotomus perfiliewi<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Phlebotomus alexandri<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Phlebotomus tobbi<\/jats:italic>. Also, <jats:italic>Phlebotomus\u00a0keshishiani<\/jats:italic> was found to be infected with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites. This study aimed at predicting the probable niches and distribution of vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Data on spatial distribution studies of sand flies were obtained from Iranian database on sand flies. Sample points were included in data from faunistic studies on sand flies conducted during 1995\u20132013. MaxEnt software was used to predict the appropriate ecological niches for given species, using climatic and topographical data. Distribution maps were prepared and classified in Arc<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIS<\/jats:styled-content> to find main ecological niches of the vectors and hot spots for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> transmission in Iran. <jats:italic>Phlebotomus kandelakii<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Ph.\u00a0major s.l<\/jats:italic>. and <jats:italic>Ph.\u00a0alexandri<\/jats:italic> seem to have played a more important role in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> transmission in Iran, so this study focuses on them. Representations of MaxEnt model for probability of distribution of the studied sand flies showed high contribution of climatological and topographical variables to predict the potential distribution of three vector species. Isothermality was found to be an environmental variable with the highest gain when used in isolation for <jats:italic>Ph.\u00a0kandelakii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ph.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> s.l., while for <jats:italic>Ph.\u00a0alexandri,<\/jats:italic> the most effective variable was precipitation of the coldest quarter. The results of this study present the first prediction on distribution of sand fly vectors of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> in Iran. The predicted distributions were matched with the disease\u2010endemic areas in the country, while it was found that there were some unaffected areas with the potential transmission. More comprehensive studies are recommended on the ecology and vector competence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> vectors in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T18:25:58Z","timestamp":1432923958000},"page":"644-654","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Predicted Distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis Vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae; Phlebotominae) in Iran: A Niche Model Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"A. 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