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Further, increases in both the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada geese populations and their ideal habitat requirements in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tates (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content>) translate to a greater presence of these human pathogens in public areas, such as recreational freshwater beaches. Combining these factors, the potential health risk posed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada geese faeces at freshwater beaches presents an emerging public health issue that warrants further study. Here, literature concerning human pathogens in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada geese faeces is reviewed and the potential impacts these pathogens may have on human health are discussed. Pathogens of potential concern include <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ampylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>almonella <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>yphimurium, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>isteria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>elicobacter canadensis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>rcobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nterohemorragic <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>scherichia coli<\/jats:italic> pathogenic strains, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hlamydia psitacci<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>iardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>. Scenarios presenting potential exposure to pathogens eluted from faeces include bathers swimming in lakes, children playing with wet and dry sand impacted by geese droppings and other common recreational activities associated with public beaches. Recent recreational water\u2010associated disease outbreaks in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> support the plausibility for some of these pathogens, including <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0jejuni<\/jats:italic>, to cause human illness in this setting. In view of these findings and the uncertainties associated with the real health risk posed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada geese faecal pathogens to users of freshwater lakes, it is recommended that beach managers use microbial source tracking and conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyse the local impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada geese on microbial water quality during their decision\u2010making process in beach and watershed management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T12:48:02Z","timestamp":1443444482000},"page":"177-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pathogen Loading From Canada Geese Faeces in Freshwater: Potential Risks to Human Health Through Recreational Water Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"T. 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