{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:48:33Z","timestamp":1789958913202,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Development Institute, Udon Thani Rajabhat University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of amphibians as <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> reservoirs has not been as well studied as in reptiles, where the literature is abundant. Recent outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with exotic pet frogs have occurred in United States. Frog farming and wild frog harvesting have increased the international trade in these species. This necessitates a better understanding of the risk of salmonellosis transmission from amphibians to humans. We explored the presence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in amphibians (frogs and toads) in Thailand, where farmed and wild frogs as well as toads are present. These live animals are easily found in the local markets and are used as food. Exportation of frog meat from Thailand is common. During March\u2013June 2014, ninety\u2010seven frogs were collected from several habitats, including frog farms, urban areas and protected natural areas. The collected amphibians were tested for the presence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was 69.07% (90.00% in farm animals, 0% in urban area animals and 44.83% in protected area animals). Eight serovars of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> were isolated: subsp. diarizonae ser. 50:k:z, Hvittingfoss, Muenchen, Newport, Stanley, Thompson, Panama and Wandsworth. Six of the identified serovars, Hvittingfoss, Newport, Panama, Stanley, Thompson and Wandsworth, have been detected in humans in Thailand. According to our results, amphibians are reservoirs of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> and can be a public health concern when used as a source of protein for humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T12:33:32Z","timestamp":1467290012000},"page":"106-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Wild\u2010Caught and Farm\u2010Reared Amphibians are Important Reservoirs of <i>Salmonella<\/i>, A Study in North\u2010East Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Group Faculty of Science Udon Thani Rajabhat University Udon Thani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Poonlaphdecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Group Faculty of Science Udon Thani Rajabhat University Udon Thani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.33.1.65-68.1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with aquatic frogs \u2010 United States, 2009","volume":"58","author":"Anonymous","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"628","article-title":"Notes from the field: update on human Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with aquatic frogs\u2013United States, 2009\u20102011","volume":"60","author":"Anonymous","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Anonymous 2015:WHO | Salmonella (Non\u2010Typhoidal).World Health Organization. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs139\/en\/(accessed on 2 August 2 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02548434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3771-3773.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Frost D. R. 2015:Amphibian species of the world: An Online Reference Version 6.0 \u201d 2015. Available at:http:\/\/research.amnh.org\/herpetology\/amphibia\/index.html(accessed on 26 August 2015)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1372"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2010.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/058.011.0106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2001.19798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Pulsrikarn C. andP.Tishyadhigama 2008:Annual report of confirmed Salmonella and Shigella in Thailand 2008. Available at:http:\/\/webdb.dmsc.moph.go.th\/ifc_nih\/applications\/files\/Annual_report_2008.pdf(accessed on 25 August 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-04-094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00394564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Toads as natural reservoir of Salmonella","volume":"239","author":"Sharma V. K.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Orig. A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Toads as reservoirs of salmonellae: prevalence and antibiogram","volume":"6","author":"Singh S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.13347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Salmonellosis and the food chain in Khon Kaen, Northeastern Thailand. 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