{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1778922117737,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian National Research Agency","award":["J4-2236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J4-2236"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian National Research Agency","award":["J3-4298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-4298"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian National Research Agency","award":["P4-0092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant risk factor for developing <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDI<\/jats:styled-content>) in humans and animals is associated with the antimicrobial use. It has often been hypothesized that farm animals could be the source for human infection with <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>). In the European Union, family\u2010run dairy farms are the predominant farming model, which are more interlinked within the community compared to large\u2010scale intensive dairy or beef farms. Therefore, it is important to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> in such environment. A total of 159 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> isolates from 20 family dairy farms were tested with a customized broth microdilution plate for their antimicrobial resistance. Seventeen antimicrobials were selected (amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, daptomycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, imipenem, levofloxacin, linezolid, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, oxacillin, rifampicin, tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin), which are commonly used for treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDI<\/jats:styled-content> in veterinary and human medicine, or were previously applied in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> epidemiological studies. Antimicrobials, which are used for treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDI<\/jats:styled-content> in humans (metronidazole, vancomycin, fusidic acid, tigecycline, linezolid) inhibited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> growth <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>. Most <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> isolates were resistant to erythromycin (93.1%), daptomycin (69.2%) and clindamycin (46.5%). High multiple\u2010resistance was found in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> ribotype 012 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05, 100%), some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD SLO<\/jats:styled-content> 060 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04, 25%) and one <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> 033 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01, 1.1%). High multiple\u2010resistance in this study was linked with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> ribotypes and not with the origin of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>. The low prevalence of these ribotypes (6.3%; 10\/159) indicates that family\u2010run dairy farms are an unlikely source of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> with multiple\u2010resistance to antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T11:25:51Z","timestamp":1470223551000},"page":"213-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i> Isolates from Family Dairy Farms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Bandelj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Golob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ocepek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Zdovc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Vengust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4030267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0326-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702012000300007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: 23rd Informational Supplement","author":"CLSI","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-38"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03907.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters; Version 3.1","author":"EUCAST","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"European Commission 2015:Agriculture and rural development \u2013 Family farming. 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