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The aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of nine resistance genes (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> cat<\/jats:italic>I, <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>S, <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>I, <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> tet<\/jats:italic>(A), <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(Q), <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>A) in the faeces of 141 pigeons from four urban parks in Alajuela, Guadalupe, Tres R\u00edos and San Jos\u00e9 in Costa Rica. The genes were identified by real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> directly from enema samples. About 30% of the samples were positive for genes <jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic>I and <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>I; between 13% and 17% were positive for <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>S, <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> tet<\/jats:italic>(A) and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(Q); and 4% were positive for <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>. The <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>A and <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>A genes were not detected. The average of antimicrobial resistance genes detected per pigeon was 2. Eight different patterns of resistance were identified, without differences in the sampling areas, being the most common pattern 2 (<jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> positive samples). During rainy season, the genes more frequently found were <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>I and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(A). In conclusion, the urban inhabiting pigeons tested are currently carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, potentially acting as reservoirs of resistant bacteria and vectors to humans. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first study carried out on direct detection of resistance genes in the digestive metagenomes of pigeons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T05:47:14Z","timestamp":1487915234000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pigeons from Public Parks in Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Blanco\u2010Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias (PCVET) Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica"},{"name":"Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias T\u00f3xicas (IRET) Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Esper\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (INIA\u2010CISA) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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