{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1762917764127},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]],"date-time":"2017-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surveillance of West Nile virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WN<\/jats:styled-content>v) in Ontario has included passive reporting of human cases and testing of trapped mosquitoes and dead birds found by the public. The dead bird surveillance programme was limited to testing within a public health unit (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHU<\/jats:styled-content>) until a small number of birds test positive. These dead corvid and mosquito surveillance programmes have not been compared for their ability to provide early warning in geographic areas where human cases occur each year. Spatial scan statistics were applied to time\u2010to\u2010event survival data based on first cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WN<\/jats:styled-content>v in found dead corvids, mosquitoes and humans. Clusters identified using raw data were compared to clusters based on model\u2010adjusted survival times to evaluate whether geographic and sociodemographic factors influenced their distribution. Statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) space\u2013time clusters of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHU<\/jats:styled-content>s with faster time to detection were found using each surveillance data stream. During 2002\u20132004, the corvid surveillance programme outperformed the mosquito programme in terms of time to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WN<\/jats:styled-content>v detection, while the clusters of first\u2010positive mosquito pools were more spatially similar to first human cases. In 2006, a cluster of first\u2010positive dead corvids was located in northern <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHU<\/jats:styled-content>s and preceded a cluster of early human cases that was identified after controlling for the influence of geographic region and sociodemographic profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T15:39:46Z","timestamp":1487691586000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A geographic study of West Nile virus in humans, dead corvids and mosquitoes in Ontario using spatial scan statistics with a survival time application"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"A. L.","family":"Thomas\u2010Bachli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. L.","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Berke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Parmley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. K.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"The Skeeter","author":"Arias J. 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