{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:00:36Z","timestamp":1790672436295,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2013\u201046116\u2010R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2013\u201046116\u2010R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different studies have suggested that the sand of public playgrounds could have a role in the transmission of infections, particularly in children. Furthermore, free access of pets and other animals to the playgrounds might increase such a risk. We studied the presence of <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> in 20 pairs of sandboxes for children and dogs located in different playgrounds within the Madrid region (Spain). <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> isolation was performed by enrichment and selective culture procedures. The genetic (ribotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFLP<\/jats:styled-content>]) diversity and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was also studied. Overall, 52.5% (21\/40) of samples were positive for the presence of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>. Eight of the 20 available isolates belonged to the toxigenic ribotypes 014 (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5) and 106 (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2), both regarded as epidemic, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>047 (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1). The other 12 isolates were non\u2010toxigenic, and belonged to ribotypes 009 (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5), 039 (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>4), and 067, 151 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>048 (one isolate each). Nevertheless, all isolates (even those of a same ribotype) were classified into different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFLP<\/jats:styled-content> genotypes indicating non\u2010relatedness. In conclusion, our results revealed the presence of epidemic ribotypes of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> in children's and dog's sandboxes located nearby, which constitutes a major health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T12:00:49Z","timestamp":1499428849000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Recreational sandboxes for children and dogs can be a source of epidemic ribotypes of <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Orden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Neila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Universidad Complutense de 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