{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:21:08Z","timestamp":1767838868653,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008234","name":"Landbruks- og matdepartementet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surveillance is an important component of an overall strategy to address antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food animals and the food chain. The poultry market has many points of entry into the Canadian food chain, and some production practices are underrepresented in terms of surveillance. For example, pathogen carriage and antimicrobial resistance surveillance data are limited in smallholder chicken flocks raised for slaughter at provincially inspected abattoirs. In Canada, antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolated from commercial broiler chicken flocks, slaughtered at federally inspected abattoirs, is monitored by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIPARS<\/jats:styled-content>). The objective of this study was to establish baseline information of antimicrobial resistance presence in <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolated from smallholder flocks in Ontario, utilizing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIPARS<\/jats:styled-content> collection and isolation methodologies, and to compare findings with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIPARS<\/jats:styled-content> federally inspected abattoir data from Ontario, Canada. Five chickens per flock were sampled from 205 smallholder flocks. Of 1,025 samples, the <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> prevalence was 99% (1,022\/1,025), and 47% (483\/1,022) of positive <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to one or more of the 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, as compared to results reported for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIPARS<\/jats:styled-content> commercial flocks, <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from smallholder flocks had significantly lower resistance prevalence to six of 14 individual antimicrobials. Recovery of <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> did not differ between federally inspected and provincially inspected flocks. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence at the bird level in smallholder flocks was 0.3% (3\/1,025), significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u226a\u00a00.0001, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.080%\u20130.86%) than federally inspected commercial flocks. The overall differences found between the commercial and smallholder flocks may be explained by differences in poultry husbandry practices and hatchery sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1501667904000},"page":"134-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> and <i>Salmonella<\/i> in Ontario smallholder chicken flocks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Lebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010L.","family":"Martz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Janecko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Deckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2357-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Agunos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Reid\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"McEwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph  Guelph Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1742"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Canadian Poultry and Egg Processors Council(2017).Canadian Hatchery Federation \u2013 Canadian members of CPEPC. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cpepc.ca\/hat.html. December 9 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2016).Eight multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (Final Update). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/live-poultry-05-16\/. December 14 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Chicken Farmers of Ontario(2016).Quota Info. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.ontariochicken.ca\/Farmer-Member-Resources\/Quota-Info.aspx. November 12 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2009).Categorization of antimicrobial drugs based on importance in human medicine. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/dhp-mps\/vet\/antimicrob\/amr_ram_hum-med-rev-eng.php. December 20 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2015a).Public Health Notice \u2013 Outbreak of Salmonella infections related to contact with live baby poultry. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/phn-asp\/2015\/salmonella-eng.php?utm_source=facebook_phac&utm_medium=social_en&utm_content=may25_phn&utm_campaign=topic_15*. December 14 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2015b).Antimicrobial resistance. InCanadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) 2013 Annual Report.Guelph Ontario:Public Health Agency of Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2015c).Design and methods. InCanadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) 2013 Annual Report. Guelph Ontario. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2015\/aspc-phac\/HP2-4-2013-2-eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2016a).Broiler hatching eggs & chicks quota holders list. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/controls-controles\/prod\/agri\/incubation\/list-16-liste.aspx?lang=eng. December 9 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2016b).List of health monitored hacteries. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.inspection.gc.ca\/animals\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/list-of-health-monitored-hatcheries\/eng\/1464108675209\/1464109620337. December 9 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2016c).Reductions in antimicrobial use and resistance: Preliminary evidence of the effect of the Canadian Chicken Industry's elimination of use of antimicrobials of very high importance to human medicine. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/drugs-health-products\/canadian-integrated-program-antimicrobial-resistances-surveillance-bulletin.html. March 16 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada(2016d).Resistance in foodborne bacteria. InCanadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report 2016.Guelph Ontario:Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/drugs-health-products\/canadian-antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-system-report-2016.html. December 9 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Health Canada(2009).Categorization of antimicrobial drugs based on importance in human medicine. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/dhp-mps\/vet\/antimicrob\/amr_ram_hum-med-rev-eng.php. March 17 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2005.2.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs(2015).Ontario's meat inspection system. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.omafra.gov.on.ca\/english\/food\/inspection\/meatinsp\/m-i-p-r\/ontariomeatinspect.htm. December 12 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.1.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"Santner T. J. &Duffy D. E.(2012).The statistical analysis of discrete data.New York:Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=t57eBwAAQBAJ&pgis=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.3687-3694.2003"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fzph.12381","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T21:24:56Z","timestamp":1694985896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12381","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]}}}