{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:00:41Z","timestamp":1776477641682,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540857600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\u20109739\u20101299CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\u20109739\u20101299CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\u20109739\u20101299\u2010CA ZDM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\u20109739\u20101299\u2010CA ZDM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Every year, multiple outbreaks of salmonellosis in humans are linked to contact with mail\u2010order chicks and ducks. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal changes in the prevalence of serovars, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMR<\/jats:styled-content>) phenotypes of non\u2010typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTS<\/jats:styled-content>) recovered from shipped boxes of mail\u2010order hatchling poultry in the United States during 2013 to 2015. In each year, a sample of feed stores belonging to a single national chain participated in the study. The store employees submitted swabs or hatchling pads from hatchling boxes and shipment tracking information of the arriving boxes to the investigators. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTS<\/jats:styled-content> was cultured from the samples and isolates were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (Ames, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IA<\/jats:styled-content>) for serotyping, pulsed\u2010field gel electrophoresis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFGE<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMR<\/jats:styled-content> phenotyping. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFGE<\/jats:styled-content> patterns of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars isolated from hatchling boxes were compared with those from human outbreaks of salmonellosis linked to live poultry contact. The box\u2010level prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTS<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly higher in 2015 compared to 2014. Also, the population of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars recovered in 2015 was more diverse and substantially different from those recovered in the previous two years. Of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFGE<\/jats:styled-content> patterns recovered from hatchling boxes, seven distinct patterns in 2015, three in 2014 and four in 2013 were indistinguishable from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFGE<\/jats:styled-content> patterns of human outbreaks\u2010associated strains in the respective years. Importantly, a significant positive correlation was found between the box\u2010level prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFGE<\/jats:styled-content> patterns and the number of human illnesses associated with the same patterns. Also, the proportion of multidrug\u2010resistant isolates was higher in 2014 and 2015 compared to that in 2013. The results demonstrate that shipments of mail\u2010order hatchling poultry are frequently contaminated with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> genotypes indistinguishable from human outbreaks\u2010associated strains each year, and control efforts at hatchery level are likely to have an important public health impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1509422561000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the prevalence, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes\u00a0of\u00a0non\u2010typhoidal <i>Salmonella<\/i> recovered from mail\u2010order hatchling poultry sold at US feed stores, 2013\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5731-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Erdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories  Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. F.","family":"Mollenkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. G.","family":"Habing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0670928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.150765"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"CDC(2011).Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Altona and Salmonella Johannesburg infections linked to chicks and ducklings (Final Update). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/2011\/chicks-ducklings-10-6-2011.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"CDC(2013a).Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to hedgehogs. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/typhimurium-hedgehogs-09-12\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"CDC(2013b).Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (Final Update). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/typhimurium-live-poultry-04-13\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"CDC(2013c).Standard operating procedure for PulseNet PFGE of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Escherichia coli non\u2010O157 (STEC) Salmonella serotypes Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pulsenet\/pdf\/ecoli-shigella-salmonella-pfge-protocol-508c.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"CDC(2014).Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet): FoodNet Surveillance Report for 2012 (Final Report). 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