{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:54:39Z","timestamp":1790319279824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. George's University Small Research Grant Initiative","award":["SRGI #14018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRGI #14018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibody detection against selected potentially zoonotic vector\u2010borne alphaviruses and flaviviruses was conducted on sera from bats from all six parishes in Grenada, West Indies. Sera were tested for (i) antibodies to flaviviruses West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Ilh\u00e9us virus, Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Rio Bravo virus and all four serotypes of dengue virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DENV<\/jats:styled-content>) by plaque reduction neutralization test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRNT<\/jats:styled-content>); (ii) antibodies to alphaviruses western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus by epitope\u2010blocking enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>); and (iii) antibodies to the alphavirus chikungunya (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>) by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRNT<\/jats:styled-content>. Two species of fruit bats were sampled,<jats:italic>Artibeus jamaicensis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Artibeus lituratus<\/jats:italic>, all roosting in or within 1,000\u00a0m of human settlements. Fifteen (36%) of the 42 bats tested for neutralizing antibodies to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>were positive. The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010seropositive bats lived in localities spanning five of the six parishes. All 43 bats tested for epitope\u2010blocking<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>antibody to the other alphaviruses were negative, except one positive for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. All 50 bats tested for neutralizing antibody to flaviviruses were negative, except one that had a BSQV<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRNT<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>80<\/jats:sub>titre of 20. The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>serology results indicate that bats living close to and within human settlements were exposed to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>in multiple locations. Importantly, bats for this study were trapped a year after the introduction and peak of the human<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>epidemic in Grenada. Thus, our data indicate that bats were exposed to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHIKV<\/jats:styled-content>possibly during a time of marked decline in human cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T18:21:42Z","timestamp":1522002102000},"page":"505-511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Serological evidence of widespread exposure of Grenada fruit bats to chikungunya virus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University St. George Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"},{"name":"Biosecurity Research Institute Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.\u2010J. S.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"},{"name":"Biosecurity Research Institute Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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