{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:08:00Z","timestamp":1792642080353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling rabies in skunk populations is an important public health concern in many parts of the United States due to the potential for skunk rabies outbreaks in urban centres and the possible role for skunks in raccoon rabies variant circulation. Oral rabies vaccination (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content>) programmes have supported wildlife rabies control efforts globally but using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> to control rabies in skunk populations has proven more challenging than with other target species, like foxes, coyotes and raccoons. A review of published studies found that some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> constructs are immunogenic in skunks and protect against virulent rabies virus challenges, especially when delivered by direct installation into the oral cavity. However, in field <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> programmes using currently available vaccine\u2010bait formats and distribution methods targeting other rabies reservoir species, skunks often fail to seroconvert. Field effectiveness of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> in skunks appears to be limited by poor bait uptake or inadequate ingestion of vaccine rather than from poor vaccine efficacy. Observations of captive skunks revealed vaccine spillage when handling and biting into baits such that modification of bait formats might improve field effectiveness. In addition, a dose\u2013response relationship between bait distribution density and post\u2010baiting seroconversion among skunks was observed across the limited number of field studies. Additional research is needed to identify opportunities to modify <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> baits and distribution strategies to improve the viability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORV<\/jats:styled-content> as a rabies control strategy in skunks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T04:39:09Z","timestamp":1523335149000},"page":"373-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Challenges to controlling rabies in skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: A review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Wohlers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim  Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7094-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. 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