{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:11:33Z","timestamp":1791421893063,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J4\u20108224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J4\u20108224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> is an anaerobic, spore\u2010forming bacterium that causes intestinal infections. Although <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> is still predominantly considered as a nosocomial pathogen, there has been an increase in the number of community\u2010associated infections. Since <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> is ubiquitous and can be isolated from nearly any environment, one of the possibilities for community acquisition could be exposure to spores in the domestic environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> spores on shoes, slippers and on dog paws and to explore the importance of these surfaces as vectors for the dissemination of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> in a domestic environment. Overall, <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> was present in 14 (70%) of 20 households and in 31 of 90 (34%) collected samples. Shoes and slippers had the highest positivity rates, 19 of 44 (43%) and 6 of 21 (28%), respectively, followed by dog paws 6 of 25 (24%). Thirteen <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> ribotypes were identified with half of the isolates belonging to ribotype 014\/020, which is the predominant type circulating in human population and is also commonly found in the environment (e.g. soil and water) in Slovenia. In three households, identical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> ribotypes were found on dog paws, shoes and slippers. To understand the fine\u2010scale genetic relatedness of these isolates, we sequenced the genomes. Low level of single nucleotide variant (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNV<\/jats:styled-content>) differences between isolates from the same households, consistent with a recent transmission from a common source, were seen for isolates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> ribotype 014\/020 but not for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> ribotype 010. Our results suggest that shoe soles and dog paws could serve for the dissemination of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic> spores between households and environment and could contribute to community\u2010relevant sources for <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic> infection in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T04:05:34Z","timestamp":1524542734000},"page":"669-674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Dissemination of <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i> spores between environment and households: Dog paws and shoes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Janezic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food  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