{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:19:27Z","timestamp":1788311967808,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,17]],"date-time":"2018-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Powassan virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content>), a flavivirus discovered in 1958, causes sporadic but severe cases of encephalitis in humans. Since 2007, the number of human Powassan cases diagnosed each year in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content> has steadily increased. This is in agreement with predictions that Powassan cases may increase in North America as a result of increased exposure to infected ticks. However, the increase may also reflect improved diagnostics and reporting among other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A scoping review was prioritized to identify and characterize the global literature on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content>. Following an a priori developed protocol, a comprehensive search strategy was implemented. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevant research and the identified full papers were used to characterize the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> literature using a predetermined data characterization tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventy\u2010eight articles were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in North America (88.2%) between 1958 and 2017. Both genotypes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> (Powassan lineage 1 and Deer Tick virus) were isolated or studied in vitro, in vectors, nonhuman hosts and human populations. To date, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> has been reported in 147 humans in North America. The virus has also been isolated from five tick species, and several animals have tested positive for exposure to the virus. The relevant articles identified in this review cover the following eight topics: epidemiology (123 studies), pathogenesis (66), surveillance (33), virus characterization (22), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission (8), diagnostic test accuracy (8), treatment (4) and mitigation strategies (3).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> is relatively small compared with other vector\u2010borne diseases, likely because <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POWV<\/jats:styled-content> has not been prioritized due to the small number of severe sporadic human cases. With the projected impact of climate change on tick populations, increases in the number of human cases are expected. It is recommended that future research efforts focus on closing some of the important knowledge gaps identified in this scoping review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T00:59:51Z","timestamp":1529283591000},"page":"595-624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Powassan virus, a scoping review of the global evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tricia","family":"Corrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational and Public Health Ryerson University  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Powassan virus: Morphology and cytopathology","volume":"90","author":"Abdelwahab K. 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