{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:58:20Z","timestamp":1791557900327,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-1339\/R&D\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-1339\/R&D\/09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the zoonotic potential by virtue of phylogenetic analysis, virulence and resistance gene profiles of <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> originating from poultry environment. The ERIC, BOX and RAPD PCR analysis showed the clustering of <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a074) into five groups (G1\u2010G5) and fifteen sub\u2010clusters (B1\u2010B15), which share 50%\u201380% similarities with ATCC <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> and clinical strains of human infection. <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> strains harboured seven enterocins genes including <jats:italic>ent1097<\/jats:italic> (85%), <jats:italic>entB<\/jats:italic> (84%), <jats:italic>enterolysinA<\/jats:italic> (51%), <jats:italic>entSEK4<\/jats:italic> (51%), <jats:italic>entL50<\/jats:italic> (31%), <jats:italic>entA<\/jats:italic> (25.7%) and <jats:italic>ent1071<\/jats:italic> (14.9%). The highest prevalence of <jats:italic>gelE\u2010sprE<\/jats:italic> (90%), <jats:italic>lip\u2010fl<\/jats:italic> (90%) followed by <jats:italic>cylL<\/jats:italic> (62%), <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic> (60%), <jats:italic>katA<\/jats:italic> (16%) and <jats:italic>cylA<\/jats:italic> (5.4%) was observed in poultry isolates. The <jats:italic>fsr<\/jats:italic> operon and <jats:italic>gelE<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>sprE<\/jats:italic> was co\u2010associated in 66.2% strains. <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> also harboured biofilm and endocarditis\u2010associated genes, including <jats:italic>efaAfs<\/jats:italic> (97%), <jats:italic>ebp\u2010<\/jats:italic>pilli (<jats:italic>ebpABC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>srtC<\/jats:italic> 69.9%\u201380%), <jats:italic>asa1<\/jats:italic> (71%), <jats:italic>agg<\/jats:italic> (55%), <jats:italic>ace<\/jats:italic> (54%) and <jats:italic>esp\u2010Tim<\/jats:italic> (3%). Despite all found sensitive to vancomycin, 98.6% strains were multi\u2010drug resistant to five to twelve tested antimicrobials. An increased\u2010level of resistance (\u226532\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml) was observed to ampicillin (8.1%), meropenem (21.6%), chloramphenicol (73.4%), erythromycin (90.5%), tetracycline (100%) and high\u2010level resistance to kanamycin (79.7%) and gentamicin (52.7%). The multi\u2010drug resistant <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> (MDR<jats:italic>e.f<\/jats:italic>) were carried <jats:italic>pbp4<\/jats:italic> (90%), <jats:italic>tetL<\/jats:italic> (90%), <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic> (70%), <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> (81%), <jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic> (52.7%), <jats:italic>acc6\u2010aph2<\/jats:italic> (58.1%), <jats:italic>aaph(3)\u2010III<\/jats:italic> (49.9%), <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> (97%) and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> (98%) genes. Moreover, these MDR<jats:italic>e.f<\/jats:italic> were also harboured, hospital\u2010associated marker IS<jats:italic>16<\/jats:italic> (58%) and pheromone responsive genes, that is <jats:italic>ccf<\/jats:italic> (88%), <jats:italic>cpd<\/jats:italic> (74%), <jats:italic>cob<\/jats:italic> (62%) and <jats:italic>eep<\/jats:italic> (66%). Thus, regardless of the distinct phylogenetic background of <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> of poultry origin, ATCC <jats:italic>E.\u00a0faecalis<\/jats:italic> and clinical strains of human origin, we found major similarities in virulence, resistance gene profiles and mobile genetic elements (IS<jats:italic>16<\/jats:italic> and pheromone responsive plasmids), supporting the zoonotic\/reverse zoonotic risk associated with this organism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1534212480000},"page":"921-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The unravelled<i> Enterococcus faecalis<\/i> zoonotic superbugs: Emerging multiple resistant and virulent lineages isolated from poultry environment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Khwaja A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-8257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marium","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassaan","family":"Bin\u2010Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindhu","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/483048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Enterococci: From commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection [Internet]","author":"Agudelo H. N. 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