{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:37:04Z","timestamp":1789087024956,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2T42OH008433\u201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T42OH008433\u201011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious cause of human death worldwide. In cattle, TB infection results in productivity losses, trade barriers and zoonotic transmission via milk, meat or direct contact. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study in rural communities in Uganda between 2014 and 2016 to evaluate the association between tuberculosis skin test (TST) positivity in humans and cattle\u2010associated risk factors: household herd positivity and raw milk consumption. Human and cattle TSTs were performed in communities followed by a survey of household practices. TST data were available on 493 humans, 184 (37.3%) with positive results, and 1,441 cattle, 50 (3.5%) with positive results. We fit separate log binomial generalized estimating equation models for the herd positivity\u2010human TST positivity association, stratified on sex; and for the raw milk consumption\u2010human TST positivity association, stratified on frequency of milk consumption. Having at least one TST\u2010positive bovid in the household's herd was significantly associated with lower risk of TB among men (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.66, 95% CI 0.49, 0.87) but was not significantly associated with TB among women (PR 1.21, 95% CI 0.76, 1.95). This apparent protective effect was contrary to our a priori hypothesis of higher exposure effect among men, the primary caretakers of cattle. This finding may be the result of residual confounding by socioeconomic status; wealthier individuals may be less likely to be TB positive, but more likely to have TST\u2010positive herds by virtue of larger herd sizes, ability to purchase new and possibly infected stock, and propensity to keep more TB\u2010susceptible European breeds. For raw milk consumption, effect estimates were close to one and not statistically significant. Thus, in settings where bovine TB prevalence is low, such as Uganda, cattle\u2010associated zoonotic transmission may be rare, and cattle\u2010associated risk factors may not be important drivers of human TB burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T01:58:27Z","timestamp":1543197507000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cattle\u2010associated risk factors for human tuberculosis in rural livestock\u2010keeping communities, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julianne","family":"Meisner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Center for One Health Research University of Washington  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinarians Without Borders  Davis California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinarians Without Borders  Davis California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Apamaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinarians Without Borders  Davis California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa E.","family":"Manhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for One Health Research University of Washington  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0846-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.29-34.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9533-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Chapter 2.4.6 Bovine Tuberculosis. (2016). 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