{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:52:39Z","timestamp":1790729559967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001137","name":"Australia Awards","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1109035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1109035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high\u2010risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence\/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a031), animal (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a017) and both human and animal infection (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a03). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a02\/31) and animal leptospirosis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01\/17). In addition, nine studies applied time\u2010series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1546041061000},"page":"185-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: A systematic review and critical appraisal of methods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pandji W.","family":"Dhewantara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Health Research and Development Ministry of Health of Indonesia  Pangandaran West Java Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Population Health Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"},{"name":"Child Health Research Centre The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Surveillance and Research Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute for Social Science Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Soares Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Child Health Research Centre The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2006.00689.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, Ontario 1998\u20132006","volume":"73","author":"Alton G. 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