{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:26:29Z","timestamp":1791822389511,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United States, multistate <jats:italic>Salmonella <\/jats:italic>outbreaks are most commonly linked to a food source; however, contact with live animals can also result in outbreaks of human illness. To characterize <jats:italic>Salmonella <\/jats:italic>outbreaks linked to animal contact and examine differences compared to foodborne outbreaks, we analysed data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) from 2009 to 2014 with a primary mode of transmission listed as \u201canimal contact\u201d or \u201cfood.\u201d Four hundred and eighty\u2010four outbreaks with animal contact or foodborne transmission were reported through NORS; of these outbreaks, 99 (20.5%) resulted from <jats:italic>Salmonella <\/jats:italic>transmission through animal contact and 385 (79.5%) resulted from foodborne transmission, which resulted in 3,604 (19.8%) and 13,568 (80.2%) illnesses, respectively. A higher proportion of illnesses among children aged &lt;1\u00a0year and children aged 1\u20134\u00a0years were linked to animal contact outbreaks compared to foodborne outbreaks (15.2% vs. 1.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01 and 24.5% vs. 5.6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01, respectively). Illnesses resulting in hospitalizations (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.02) were more likely to be associated with animal contact compared to food. Animal contact outbreaks reported to NORS were more likely to be multistate compared to foodborne outbreaks (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 3.37, 8.76) and had a longer median duration (99.0\u00a0days vs. 9.0\u00a0days, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Characterizing the differences between outbreaks of illness linked to animal contact and outbreaks linked to food provides useful information to investigators to improve public health response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1551403857000},"page":"370-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Outbreaks of <i>Salmonella enterica <\/i>infections linked to animal contact: Demographic and outbreak characteristics and comparison to foodborne outbreaks\u2014United States, 2009\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Rae","family":"Marus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew James","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karunya","family":"Manikonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megin C.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6429a7"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry from a mail\u2010order hatchery in Ohio\u2013March\u2010September 2013","volume":"63","author":"Basler C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR. 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