{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:36:04Z","timestamp":1791657364947,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JXR11447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXR11447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012095","name":"Scottish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SV3045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV3045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United Kingdom, there has been an increase in the number of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in people annually since 2010. Most of these are thought to be indigenously acquired <jats:italic>Orthohepevirus A<\/jats:italic> genotype 3 (HEV G3), which has been linked to pork production and consumption. However, the dominant subgroup circulating in British pigs differs from that which is found in people; therefore, an alternative, potentially zoonotic, source is suspected as a possible cause of these infections. Rodents, brown rats (<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>) in particular, have been shown to carry HEV, both the swine HEV G3 genotype and <jats:italic>Orthohepevirus C<\/jats:italic>, genotype C1 (rat HEV). To investigate the prevalence of HEV in British rodents, liver tissue was taken from 307 rodents collected from pig farms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012) and other locations (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010). The RNA from these samples was extracted and tested using a pan\u2010HEV nested RT\u2010PCR. Limited histopathology was also performed. In this study, 8\/61 (13%, 95% CI, 5\u201321) of brown rat livers were positive for HEV RNA. Sequencing of amplicons demonstrated all infections to be rat HEV with 87%\u201392% nucleotide identity to other rat HEV sequences circulating within Europe and China (224 nt ORF\u20101). Lesions and necrosis were observed histologically in 2\/3 samples examined. No rat HEV RNA was detected in any other species, and no HEV G3 RNA was detected in any rodent in this study. This is the first reported detection of rat HEV in Great Britain. A human case of rat HEV infection has recently been reported in Asia, suggesting that rat HEV could pose a risk to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T11:02:14Z","timestamp":1556535734000},"page":"686-694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["First detection of Hepatitis E virus (<i>Orthohepevirus C<\/i>) in wild brown rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i>) from Great Britain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Zoonotic Infections Institute of Infection and Global Health, NCZR Neston UK"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Population Health Institute of Global Health, NCZR Neston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Zoonotic Infections Institute of Infection and Global Health, NCZR Neston UK"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Population Health Institute of Global Health, NCZR Neston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Chantrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology &amp; Public Health, School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranieri","family":"Verin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology &amp; Public Health, School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Grierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine M.","family":"McElhinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Zoonotic Infections Institute of Infection and Global Health, NCZR Neston UK"},{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science University of Nottingham Leicestershire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rat hepatitis E virus linked to severe acute hepatitis in an immunocompetent patient","author":"Andonov A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b5602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.111647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.041509-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.024406"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"Hepatitis E: A literature review","volume":"5","author":"Guerra J. A. A. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-011-0221-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Second case of rat hepatitis E virus identified in Hong Kong","author":"Fleming M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.141995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook","author":"Harris S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61034-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"HKU Med(2018).HKU discovers that rat hepatitis E virus can cause hepatitis in humans \u2013 Press Releases \u2013 News & Events \u2013 HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.med.hku.hk\/news\/press\/HKU_discovers_that_rat_hepatitis_E_virus_can_cause_hepatitis_in_humans"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1609.100444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.016584-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.120070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.9.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"PHE(2018a).Hepatitis E: Symptoms transmission treatment and prevention \u2013 GOV.UK. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/hepatitis-e-symptoms-transmission-prevention-treatment\/hepatitis-e-symptoms-transmission-treatment-and-prevention#background"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"PHE(2018b).UK standards for microbiology investigations screening and monitoring for hepatitis E infection."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0436-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.03.019"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12581","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T23:07:37Z","timestamp":1694300857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12581","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}