{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:58:25Z","timestamp":1787165905288,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and characteristics of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    shedding in owned dogs in Nigeria and Malawi.\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated from 31\/120 (26%) dogs in Nigeria and 11\/92 (12%) dogs in Malawi (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.012). Overall, 22\/42 (52%) isolates were toxigenic; 17\/31 (55%) from Nigeria and 5\/11 (45%) from Malawi. All toxigenic isolates possessing\n                    <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tcdB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and only one also possessed\n                    <jats:italic>cdtA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sixteen different ribotypes were found, ten (63%) of which were non\u2010toxigenic. Most isolates corresponded to ribotypes that have been previously identified in humans or livestock. The role of dogs in transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the clinical implications of\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    shedding in dogs remain unclear. These data indicate that dogs could act as a source of\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    for exposure of other species, including humans; however, the true risk is unknown. Further study of the ecology of\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the role of dogs in disease of humans and other domestic animals is indicated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T00:31:10Z","timestamp":1560299470000},"page":"618-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n                    shedding by healthy dogs in Nigeria and Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary Colllege University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip Paul","family":"Mshelbwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Abuja Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Lohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Rabies Cranborne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Predominance of Clostridium difficile 027 during a five\u2010year period in Bolzano, Northern Italy","volume":"25","author":"Aschbacher R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Le Infezioni in Medicina"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01171-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium species from food commodities and faecal specimens in Lagos state, Nigeria","volume":"34","author":"Chukwu E. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"West African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs","volume":"17","author":"Clooten J. K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.9580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Incidence of cytotoxin producing isolates of Clostridium difficile in faeces of neonates and children in Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Emeruwa A. C.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Microbiologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914322107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00224-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Incidence of Clostridium difficile in infants in rural and urban areas of Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Oguike J. U.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Microbiologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02092.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02332.x"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12613","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T19:05:54Z","timestamp":1694286354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12613","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}