{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:42:49Z","timestamp":1792086169900,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a zoonotic parasite that can have severe implications for human health. Acutely infected cats shed environmentally resistant\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      oocysts in their faeces that contaminate soil, and soil can serve as a reservoir of infection for humans. Free\u2010roaming domestic cats are thought to play an important role in environmental contamination with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but few studies have directly measured the direct contribution of free\u2010roaming cats to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in soil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our goals were to determine whether\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      soil contamination occurs in public areas with free\u2010roaming cat colonies in central California and examine spatial and temporal variation in soil contamination\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      We initially performed spiking experiments to compare the limit of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      detection in soil using three conventional nested PCR assays and one real\u2010time quantitative PCR. The nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS\u20101) of the small subunit ribosomal RNA was the most sensitive assay, with a limit of detection between 20 and 200 oocysts per gram of soil. We applied the ITS1 PCR assay on soil from sites in city and state parks, public playgrounds and community gardens in central California, USA. Samples were collected during spring, summer and fall and in sites located along the coast and inland.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We detected and sequence\u2010confirmed\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 5.6% of\u00a0all of our soil sub\u2010samples, but with large seasonal and spatial variation in soil contamination: we only detected\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      during fall and only in coastal sites (44.3% soil prevalence), despite similar sampling intensity across space and time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that free\u2010roaming cat colonies are an important source of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in spaces where people recreate and grow food and that soil contamination is highly seasonal and spatially variable. Management of free\u2010roaming cats could prevent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections by reducing environmental contamination with this zoonotic pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T02:28:55Z","timestamp":1572661735000},"page":"70-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Seasonal and spatial variation in\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    contamination in soil in urban public spaces in California, United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz A.","family":"de Wit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Marm","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"VanWormer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Croll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernie R.","family":"Tershy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California"},{"name":"One Health Institute School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1871"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Global Water Pathogen Project","author":"Bahia\u2010Oliveira L.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Defining the risk landscape in the context of pathogen pollution: Toxoplasma gondii in sea otters along the Pacific Rim.","author":"Burgess T. 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